Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/422

 C JE S

C JE S

melting of the falts, or if they melt, you at leaft prevent them by it from running together and hardening to fuch a degree, that the mafs cannot be got afunder, or the metal fe- parated without great difficulty. Some ufe bole alone on thefe occafions, but from what has been obferved it may be found not proper to do that, becaufe bole hardens into a fort of ftone in the fire.

That the fpirits which are driven out of the matter ufed in the cementation may act on the metal the longer, and with the greater force, the veflels in which the operation is performed, muft be clofed ; the junctures of them mult not, however, be perfectly ftoped, but covered with clay, leaving fome vent. By this means the fpirits are beaten back, and yet not fo ab- folutely confined as not to be able, when the fire is increafed, to make their way thro' the clofures of the veflels ; which vent not being given them, the veflels muft inevitably burft. Among the metals, copper, iron, lead, and tin ; and all the fe- mi-metals arc totally corroded in a few hours, by any of the in- gredients of the acid fpirits ufed as cements ; and this is yet the fooner done, if they are intermixed with the matter of the cement, in form of lamina or thin plates, or if they are gra- nulated.

Silver alfo is immediately confumed by the feveral fpecies of fpirit of nitre ; nay, even the fpirit of common fait confumes it in this operation, tho' in the form of a fluid body it does not corrode it; nor does fdver refill: the vapours of vi- triol in cementation ; nay, even the vinegar of vegetables concentrated in the cryftalls of verdigreafe, and mixed with terreflrial bodies, and ufed as a cement, takes fomething from filver.

Gold remains untouched in all the before-mentioned cements. The other metals, as alfo all femi-metals, when intermixed with gold, if this be granulated or reduced into thin plates, are ail eroded from it-by cementation. Silver, however, is with more difficulty ftparated from it than the other metals ; and fometimes a fmall quantity of copper mixed with it, tho' a larger is very quickly eroded, is found to be with great difficulty feparated entirely by cementation. Cramer, Art. AM". 46, 48.

Clement, in architecture. Mr. Boyle fpeaks of a cement he knew for rejoining the parts of broken ftatues; and by the fame he could counterfeit marble fo well, that tho' large ca- vities were filled up with the cement, the work would pafs for entire, and be undiftinguifliable from natural marble. Works abr. Vol. 1. p. in.

The fame author tells us,, that the beft method to clofe and mend pipes of fubterrancous aquseducts, is with tobacco-pipe clay pulverized, and mixed with a large quantity of pulve- rized flocks, and carefully beat up with linfeed oil into a ftifF parte. lb. p. 148.

To fallen the receiver of an air-pump to a metalline plate : This may be done by a cement of bees wax and turpentine, made with equal parts for the winter ; and three parts of the former to two of the latter, for the fummer. Boyle's Works, abr. Vol. 7.. p. 475.

Receivers, when cracked may be mended by a cement. See Receiver.

OiEMBKT-pots, in allaying, are veflels made for the cementation of metals with falts, and the ingredients of the ftrong acid menfixua, where the force of thofe menftrua, and a ftrong fire, are required together.

Thefe pots are cylindrical veflels, made of potters clay, with tiles adapted to them, and may be conveniently turned by the potters. The fize of thefe veflels muft be proportioned to the quantity of cement to be put in them. It is not prudent, however, to make them of more than eight or ten inches broad, becaufe when they are larger the fire acts but difficult- ly and unequally upon them, efpecially on that part of the matter near their center.

It is to be obferved, in the making thefe veflels alfo, that all kinds of clay contract and take up a fmallcr fpace in the dry- ing and baking ; the purer clay will contract one tenth part of their diameter, but the more fand or other dry powder there is in the mixture, the lefs it contracts. If a veflel, therefore, of any determinate fize is to be made of clay without admix- ture, it muft be made one tenth larger than the expected fize; if of clav with tbcfe admixtures, experience alone can fliew what muft be the excefs in fize, when moift. Cramer, Art. AfT. p. 711.

CEMENTATION {Cycl) is defined by Stahl, a method of corroding metals in a dry form by the fumes of dry falts. Stahl, Phil. Princ. Chem. P. 1. Sett. 2. n. 20. p. 28.

Cementation of gold. See the article Gold.

C/E RITES, or Cjeritum tabula, in antiquity, denote the cenfors tables, wherein were entered the names of fuch perfons as for fome mifdemcanor, were to lofe their right of fuffrage in elections gt Rome.

The origin of the appellation arofe hence, that during the captivity of Rome under the Gauls, the Carites or inhabitants of Ciere, a city in Etruria, preferved their facred books and other matters belonging to the worfhip of the Gods, in gra- titude for which, the Romans dignified the Carites with the appellation of Roman-citizens, but without admitting them into any part of the adminiflration. A. Gel/. Noct. Att. 1. 1 6, c. 13. Sigon. de Ant. Jur. Ital, 1. 2. c. 6. Donat. ad Liv

p. 3T. Pitifc Lex. Antiq. T. 1. p. 314. See the article Municipal, Cycl.

C^ERULEUS, in zoology, a name given by authors to a bird of the thrufh or blackbird kind, and fomewhat refembling that fpecies of blackbird commonly called the folitary fpar- row. It loves rocks and old buildings, and is thence called by fome petrocoflyphus or the ftone blackbird, and from its colours is called by the Germans blauvogel : it is of the fize of a fbrling ; its breaflr, back, and neck are of a very fine deep blue ; "it lives among the mountains; it fings very fweet- ly, and in winter lofes its fine blue colour, and becomes black. Rays Orintholeg. p. 141.

Cjeruleus is alfo a name given by Solinus to the great Indian worm defcribed by Pliny and others, as inhabiting the Gan- ges. No author but this has ever ufed the word in this fenfe, and he feems to take it from a falfe understanding of Pliny ; who fays, that it was called vermis carulcus, from its external appearance. Solinus miftakes the author fo far as to think he allows it to be a worm, and fays it was called carulens from its colour ; but his true fenfe is, that it was called vermis from its refembling a worm, tho' it was not one : it is probable that all the accounts we have of this monftrous animal are only falfe defcriptions of the crocodile. See Vermis Ccru- leus.

CjESALPINOIDES, in botany, a name given in the Hor- tus Cliffbrtianus to the genus of plants called by others, gkdijlia. Hort. Cliftbrt. p. 489. See the article GlE-

DISTIA.

CjESALPINA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants de- fcribed by Plumier, the characters of which are thefe: The flower has no cup ; it is monopctalous, and of the gaping kind ; the tube of it is inflated, and of a globular figure: it is di- vided into four parts at the edge, and the upper fegment is twice as large as any of the others ; this is hollow and undivided : the oppofite fegment to this is fomewhat erect, tho' open ; this alfo is undivided : the fide petals are placed erect, and are equal to one another in fize, and crcnated at the edges : thefe are about the fize of the lower fegment. The ftamina are five extremely long and flender filaments ; they are intorted and directed toward the upper fegment; the autherse are fimple. Limta, Gen. Plant, p. 522.

The piftil has a flender oblong germen, of the length of the ftamina is the ftyle, which is fimple and the ftigma is headed. The fruit is an oblong pointed pod, containing only one cell; the feeds are numerous and of an oval figure. Lin- naeus confefies that this flower is a fort of botanical paradox; for he cannot conceive how acupfhould be wanting, or what a monopetalous flower with five ftamina ihould do with a le- guminofe pod. Plumier, 9.

CiESAR (Cycl.) — To this day the emperors of Germany bear the title cafar : 'tis not known when this ufage was firft re- ftored ; for Charlemaign and his fuccefiors had declined the appellation, ufing that of Auguftus in lieu of it. Goldaftus takes it to have been firft afliimed by the emperor Lewis IV. in 1338. Goldaft. Conftit. T. 5. p. 410. Boeder, Notit. Imper. 1. 4. c. 1. p. 83.

The Julian family becoming extinct by the death of Nero, Cafar became a name or title of dignity which the fucceed- ing emperors aflumed, who had no pretenfions to a defcent from the Julian family ; as appears from Galba, who fucceeded Nero, and took the title Co-far. Vitcllius, indeed, rejected it at firft, as well as the title Augnjlm, but he afterwards af- fumed both out of condcfcc-nfion to the reigning tafte of the people. The Vefpafians, and others, did the like, without pre- tending to be iflued from the family of the Cafars ; as is largely proved by M. Spauhcim a againft Hardouin, who, on fome flrange principles of his own, had denied that ever Ctcfar was the name of a dignity, or was given to any but thofe defcended from Cafar, or thofe who married the daughters of Cafars b .— [ 3 Spanbei?n, de Ufu & Praft. Numifm. T. 2. Dill". 12. Bibl. Anc. Mod. T. 7. p. 169. " Hardou. Hilt. Auguft. ex Numifm. Reftit. Nuov. Rep. Lett. T. 48. p. ?g6.] Under the lower. empire Cafar became the title of the de- ftined fucceflbr to the empire.

Erom the time of Marcus Aurelius to that of the emperor Valens, none had the title of Augufti given them, till they had been firft created Cafars. Spartian fays yFJius Verus was the firft that was called Co-far before he was made emperor a ; not that all the medals where we only find Cafar, with Au- guftus, were ftruck in honour of the Cafars deugned fuccefiors of the empire ; for fome emperors only afliimed the title Ca~ far, as Diadumcnus ; and others only that of Augufrus, as Adrian ; and others rejected both, at leaft for a time b. — [ a Spartian in iEl.Vcr. §. 2. b Pander Meulea, Diff. de Or- tu Imper. Rom. p. 161, feq. Kujl. Bibl. Nov. Libr. An. 1698. p. 157, feq. Ouvr. des Scav. 1698. p. 262, feq.] Both the Cafar and Sehaflocraior wore crowns, tho' much in- ferior to that of the emperor in fplendor and magnificence. Til! this time, thofe dignified with the title of Cafar were looked on as fuccefTors, at leaft partners of the future em- pire e. But after the introduction of the dignity of SebalJo- crator, that of Cafar dwindled to a mere title of honour : both the one and the other became at length inferior to the dignity of defpot K— [ c Ann. Commen. 1. 3. Alexand. p. ~8. Cod'-n.

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