Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/42

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A large proportion of rectified fpirit, or of any other fpir'it, may, by prudent management, be alfo introduced into the fermenting liquor ; and this will always come back with a large Addition to the quantity of fpirit, that would otherwife have arifen from the diftillation. Shaw's Eifay on Diftillery.

ADDITIVE, denotes fomething to be added to another.

Geometricians fpeak of additive ratio's ; aftronomers of ad- ditive equations, &c.

Additive ratio is ufed by fome writers, for that _ whole terms are difpofed to addition, that is, to compofition, in oppofition to fubjtraaive ratio, whofe terms are difpofed to fubitradtion, ;. e. to divifion. Vid. Hug. dt Omeriq. Anal. Geomct. P. I. dif. I. in Philof. Tranf. N°. 257. p. 352. Suppofe the line a c divided in the points b and x,

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the ratio between ab and bx is additive ; becaufe the terms ab and bx compofe the whole ax. Butthe ratio between ax and bx is fubftractive, becaufe ax and bx differ by the line ab. Additive equations, in aftronomy, thofe which are to be added to the fun's mean anomaly, in order to find the true one. V. Kift. Acad. Roy. des Scienc. 1720. p. 118. See Equation, Anomaly, &c. Cycl. ADDUCTOR, {Cycl. )-Adductors, in anatomy, thofe other- wife called adducent mufcles. See Adducent, Cycl. The Adductor mufcle of the arm ferves to approach it towards the trunk of the body ; though Winflow finds its office more complicated, and that it acts in concurrence with the flexors and cxtenfors, in the bending and extending the arm. Adductor pollicis, in anatomy, a name given by Cowper, and fome others, to a mufcle, called more properly by Al- binus, and the generality of writers, the Abduclor indicts ; and by Winflow, the femi-inieroffeus indicis. Adductor proflata:, a name given by Santorini to a mufcle, which he alfo calls levator projlatec ; and which Winflow calls projlaticus fuperior. Albinus, from its office, has very properly called it coinprcjfor projlattc, ADEB, in commerce, the name of a large Egyptian weight, ufed principally for rice, and connfting of two hundred and ten okes, each of three rotolos, a weight of about two drams lefs than the Englifh pound. But this is no certain weight ; for at Rofetto the Adeb is only one hundred and fifty okes. Pocock's Egypt, p.175. ADEL fijli, a name given by fome nations to the lavareius, or albula nobilis.

Thefe are generally treated of by authors as two different kinds of fiih. But Artedi contends, that they are the fame fpecies, and diftinguifhes them by the name of the coregonus, with the upper jaw flat, and longer than the under; and with four- teen rays in the back fin. ADELPHIANI, in church-hiftory, a feet of antient heretics, fo called from their leader Adelphius.

They were Angular in this, that they kept the fabbath as a faft. V. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. I.20. c. 3. §.5. Opp. T. 2. p. 300. Many idle and extravagant opinions are attributed to them, with what juftice may be hard to fay. V. Arnd. Lex. Ant. Ecclef. p. 475. Budd. Ifag. Theol. L 2. c. 7. p. 1058. Prateol. Elench. Heret. p. 7. ADELSCALC, in antient culfoms, denotes a fervant of the king. Du Cang. Glofl'. Lat. T. 1. p. 55. The word is alfo written Adelfcalche, and Adelfcalcus. It is compounded of the German Add, or Edel, noble, and Scale, fervant.

Among the Bavarians, Adelfcalcs appear to have been the fame with royal thanes among the Saxons, and thofe called miniftri regis in antient charters. V. Spelm. Glofl. p. 10. ADENANTHERA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The perianthium is very fmall, and is compofed only of one leaf divided into five feg- ments at the edge. The flower confifts of five leaves, and is of a campanulated form. The petals arc pointed and feffile, and they turn inwards, and are hollowed underneath. The Iramina are ten erect tubulated filaments, a little fhorter than the flower j and the anthoras are roundifh and incumbent, and bear on their exterior apex a globofe glandule. The germen of the piftil is oblong and gibbous on the back in the lower part. The ftyle is tubulated, and of the length of the ftamina, and the ftigma is fimple. The fruit is a long com- prefled pod, in which are feveral round feeds. Linncsi, Gen. Plant, p. 183. Hort. Malab. Vol. 6. 14. Roycn. Hort. Lugd. Bat. p. 462. ADENOGRAPHY, that branch of anatomy which defcribes the glands, and glandular parts of the body. The word is compounded of the Greek, ah,v, gland, and 7e«tpaf, fcribo, I defcribe.

Adenography is the fame with what fome others call Adeno- logy, or the adenological part of anatomy. V. Douglas, Myogr. Comp. p. 212.

Nuck - 1 and Wharton b have 'written exprefly on the Adeno- graphia. — [ a Adenugraphia Curiofa, & Uteri Feminei Ana- tome nova, Lugd. Bat. 1692. 8vo. an extract of which is given in Act. Erud. Lipf. 1692. p. 97. b Adenographia, feu Defcriptio Glandularum totius Corporis, Lond. 1656. 8vo. Amft. 1659. See its character and eulogy in Wood, Athen. Oxon. T. 2. p. 522.]

ADENOSUS abfeeffus, in medicine, a crude hard tubercle, difficult of diicuflion, and refembling the appearance of a gland. Cafl. Lex. Med.

ADERAIMIN. See Alderaimin.

ADEILIATION, Adfiliatio, is ufed to fignify a Gothic cuftom ; where a perfon remarrying, who has children by a former bed, renders them capable of inheriting equally with the common children of both the parties. This is done by agreement, and is otherwife called, by fome, adoptio per matrimonium. Kulpis. ap. Journ. des Scav. T. 34. p. 325.

This cuftom is ftill retained in Germany, under the name Einkindfchafft, and unto prolium.

But the learned Heineccius obferves, that the unto prolium is not an adoption. V. Heine c. Elem. Juris Germ. T. 1. §. 161.

ADHATODA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of the per-' fonated kind, confiding of one leaf, and is divided into two lips, the upper of which is crooked, cr bent upwards and backwards, the lower is divided into three parts. The piftil rifes from the cup of the flower, and is fixed into the lower part of the flower, in the manner of a nail ; this afterwards becomes a club-fafhioned fruit, or capfule of a flatted form, divided into two cells, and containing a number of fmall com- prefled and hcart-fafh'iuned feeds, See Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 3.

The fpecies of Adhatoda, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The Ceylonefe Adhatoda. 2. The fmaller flowered Adhatoda, called by the people of Malabar, Bem-curini.

3. The Adhatoda with the upper lip of the flower extremely narrow, and bent upwards and backwards : this is called, by the people of Malabar, Carim-curini. 4. The herbaceous Adhatoda, with leaves like thofe of enchanters nightfhade, and a very fmall fruit. Tbumef Inft. p. 175.

ADHESION, (Cycl.) — Dr. Dcfaguliers has given experiments of the Adhefion of leaden bullets to each other : the caufe of which is refolved into the piincipleof attraction ", See At- traction, Cycl.

The argument drawn from the Adhefion of two polifhed planes, urged in behalf of the weight and prefl'ure of the atmofphere b , might be objected to, as this preffure is not fufficient to pro- duce the effect, and that polifhed bodies will adhere very ftrongly, even in an exhaufted receiver c. However, it is certain, that the air contributes in part to this Adhefion. Anatomifts fometimes obfeive Adhefions of the lungs to the fides of the thorax, the pleura, and the diaphragm, which give occafion to various diforders.

We alfo read of Adhefions of the dura mater to the cranium d ; of the ftone to the bladder : though fome combat this laft as a chimera e ; at leaft the inftances of it appear to be rare f, in comparifon of the noife that has been made about it. — [ a Phil. Tranf. N°. 389. p. 345. b V. Hawkjb. Exper. p. 88. c V, Hugen. Oper. Vol, 1. p. 775. d Giorn. de Letter. d'ltal. T. 20. p-374. e Douglas, Lithot. c. 2. Aaem. Liter, de Gr. Brit. T. 13, p. 200. f Jour, des Scav. T. 43. p. 41 6.] We have alfo feveral cafes of Adhefions of the inteftines, men- tioned in the Philofophical Tranfactions, N°.48i. p. 288.

ADHIL, in aftronomy, a ftar, of the fixth magnitude, upon the garment of Andromeda, under the laft ftar in her foot.

ADHOA, in antient cuftoms, denotes what we otherwife call relief. See Relief, Cycl.

In which fenfe, we fometimes alfo find the word written A- doha, Adhoamentum, and Adhogamentum. Du Cang. Glofl". Lat. T. 1. p. 57.

ADJACENT, (Cycl.) — Adjacent angles, in geometry, are thofe arifing from the continuation of one of the fides of an angle. See Angle, Cycl.

ADIANTUM, Maidenhair, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flowers are not difcovered. The feeds are contained in fpherical cap- fules, placed in the finufes and complications of the leaves, and furrounded each with an elaftic ring, which contracting, burfts the capfule, and fcatters abroad the minute feeds. To this it is to be added, that the leaves of the maidenhairs have all one general appearance, by which they are eafily diftiii- guifhed at fight, from the other plants of the fern kind. See Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 16.

The fpecies of Adiantum, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The coriander -leaved Adiantum, called the true Adiantum, or maidenhair, and the Montpelier capillaire. 2. The great Scotch coriander- leaved Adiantum. 3. The lefler Scotch Adiantum, with obtufe and deeply cut leaves.

4. The American Adiantion, called the Canada capillaire.

5. The many rooted procumbent Adiantion, with pellucid leaves, and feeds in fmall globules, called the little rock maidenhair, with bifid and trifid leaves. 6. The Adi- antum with hexagonal leaves. 7. The three leaved blunt Adiantum. 8. T he Italian Adiantum, with multifid leaves. 9. The fmalleft Adiantum, with various leaves. 10. The elegant branched Chinefe Adiantum, with fan-like leaves of a reddifh colour. 11. The moffy Adiantum, with the appear- ance of ftone liverwort. 12. The branched Adiantum, with fquare fhaped dentated leaves. 13. The creeping prickly fhrub Adiantum. 14. The much branched Adiantum, with

1 * leaves