Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/41

 ADD

the fame plant fcasnanth. It is to be obferved, how- ever, that the Arabians have not confined this word to the fczenanth alone, but exprcfs by it all the kinds of rufh.es. Thus,

Avifenna tells us, that the Adcher is of two kinds, the one bearing no fruit, the other bearing a hard black fruit ; this plainly belongs not to the fcaenantb; but the common rufh, of which Diofcorides has, in the fame manner, defcribed two kinds, thus differing from one another. What he adds afterwards, of chufing by the fmell and colour, is to be underftood of the Arabian rufh, or fcaenanth ; and thus are Avifenna and the reft to be explained ; the words fchamos and Adcher fignifying both the fame thing, that is rufh in ge- neral j and the epithet of fweet-fcentednefs, and virtues as an aromatick, alone diftinguifhing that rufh called fca> nanth, from the other common rufhes. Avifenna.

ADCORDABILES denarii, in antient law books, denote money paid by the vaffal to his Lord, in the nature of a fine, upon the felling or exchanging of a feud. Du Gang, Gloff. Lat. T. r. p. 54. The word is formed from the French accerder, to agree.

ADCRESCENTES, in the Roman empire, denoted a kind of junior foldiery, or candidates of arms, entered in the army, but not yet put on duty ; being to ferve as a referve, to fup- ply the places of fuch as fhould be loft. They were thus called from the verb adcrefcere, by reafon of their growing up gradually to the legitimate rank ; or becaufe the military bodies were increafed, and recruited by the ac- ceiTion of thefe. Cod. Tbeod. de Re Milit. Leg. 11. fcf, de I'yron. Leg. 6. feq. Du Cong. Gloff. Lat. T. 1. P- 54-

The Adcrcfcentcs are alfo called by Byzantine writers, febo- lares ; by the purer Roman writers, accenfi, and fupplcmenta militum; by Greek writers, ff;C o?k«&.»1i(. Aquin.Lex, Mil. T. 1. p. 17. See Accensi.

ADD ACE, in natural biftory, the name by which the Africans call the common Antelope. Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 70,. See the article Gazella,

ADDEPHAGIA, in medicine, a term ufed by fome phyficians, to denote a greedinefs in children, whereby they cram down new food, ere the old is digefted. This is fometimesalfo written corruptly, Adcpbagia. Suid.hcx. T. 1. p. 51. Blanc. Lex. Med. p. 12.

The word is compounded of the Greek, «Sg\ largiter, much, and tpxya, comedo, I eat.

The Sicilians deified gluttony, worfhiping it as a goddefs Under the name Addepbagia. JEllan. Var. Hift. 1. 1. c. 27. Rbodig. 1. 7. c. ir.

Some ufe Addephagid In a more extenfive fenfej for voraciouf- Iiefs in the general, fo as to comprehend the bulimia, pica, and malaria. V. Junck. Confpecl:. Medic. Tab. 92. p. 603. Id. Tab, 93. p. 603.

Others feem to limit it to childrens immoderate eating of bread ; the chief caufe, as fome alledge, of the worms. Cajlell. Lex. in Voc. ADDER, in natural hiftory, a venemous reptile of the ferpent kind, more ufually called a Viper. See Viper, Cycl.

Adder is alfo fometimes confounded with Afp, Amr^i thus the deaf Adder, fpoken of in the Englifh bible, is not properly the Adder, but the Afp. V. Calmet, Did. T. 1. voc. Afp.

The Adder differs from the fnake, in that the former is much fhorter for its bignefs, efpecially his tail below the vent; that it is marked on the back, with black lines or fpots, which the fnake wants ; that its belly is blackifh, and of one colour, whereas the fnake's is particoloured, of a pale yellow and blue ; that it never grows to the bignefs which fome makes attain to ; and laftly, that it is viviparous, where-

as the fnake

is oviparous.

ADDER'S-TONGUE, in botany, a medicinal plant, fo called, either from its refembling or its curing the bite of a viper. Cole's Acct. of Simpl. c. 27. p. 88.

Phyficians more ufually call it Opbiogloffum, and reckon it a vulnerary, both internally and externally ufed. ^uinc. Difp. 12 th. Edit. p. 117. See Ophioglossum. Farriers, &c. prepare an ointment of this herb, called Ad- der' s-tongue ointment, ufed as a remedy againfr. the bites of venomous beafts. V. Diet. Ruftic. T. 1. in voc. Adder" s-tongue, is applied by country people to cattle, when ftung or bitten with any kind of venomous reptiles ; as adders, fcorpions^ or by an hedge-hog, throve or fhrew, or the like. DicL Ruftic. in voc.

ADDEXTRATORES, or Addextrarii, in the court of Rome, denote the popes mitre-bearers. Sclmid. Lex. Ec- clef. p. 16. See Mitre, Cycl.

Some fuppofe them thus called, from ad, to, and dextra, right-hand, on account of their walking at the pope's right- hand, when he rides to vifit the churches. V. Du Cange, Glofi: Lat. T. 1. p. 55.

ADDICT!, in antiquity, infolvent perfons, or thofe who being fentenced to pay a debt, but unable to do it, were adjudged to a kind of temporary fervitude to the creditor. In this fenfe Addicli were a fpecies of flaves, or fervi ; from whom, however, they differed in this, that a (lave Suppl. Vol. I.

ADD

when difcharged, became a libertus ; whereas, an Addiclm became ingenuus. Again, a flave could not be difcharged without confent of his mailer ; whereas the Addiclus was dif- charged of courfe, when his debt was fatisfied. V. Brijf. de Verbor. Signif. p. 11. Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. T. 1. p. 15. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 36.

ADDITION, {Cycl.)— Addition of Ratios, isufedbyfome authors in the fame fenfe, as compofition of ratios. See Composition and Ratio.

Addition, in mufic. — The note or mark of Addition, is a dot placed on the right fide of a note, to fignify, that the time of the found of fuch note, is to be lengthened half as much more, as it would otherwife be.

A note of Addition, amounts to the fame, with what is by fome old Englifh authors, called prick of perfection. Plavf, Introd. Muf. c. 2. J J J

1 hus a femibreve, when marked with a dot, is to be as long as three minims ; the minim with a like dot, to be as long as three crotchets; the crotchet, as three quavers, C5>. See Character, Cycl.

Additions, in heraldry, denote a kind of bearings, in coats of arms, wherein are placed rewards, or additional marks of honour.

In which fenfe, Additions ftand oppofed to abate?nents, or diminutions. See Abatement, Diminution, andDiF-

FERENCE, Cycl.

Additions refemble, but differ from, ordinaries. To theclafs of Additions belong a bordure, quarter, canton, gyron, pile, fiafques, hanches, voiders, ermine, and an inefcutcheon, gules, called alfo an efcutcbeon of pretence. On any of thefe may an Addition of honour be placed according to the plea- fure of the prince, or the fancy of the herald, which re- ward defcends to none of the family, except the perfon's own direct line. In this manner, the arms of a kingdom have been fometimes given, by way of Addition, to a private fubjecl:. Carter. Anal, of Hon. p. 107. Additions, in diftilling, a name given to fuch things as are added to the wafh, or liquor, while in a ftate of fer- mentation, in order to improve the vlnofity of the fpirit, procure a larger quantity of it, or give it a particular fla- vour;

All things of whatever kind, thus added m the time of fer- mentation, are called by thofe of the bufinefs, who fpeakmoft intelligently, Additions ; but many confound them with things of a very different nature, under the name of ferments. See Ferment.

The Additions ufed in the diftillery, may be reduced to four general heads. 1. Salts, 2. Acids, 3. Aromaticks, and 4. Oils. A little tartar, nitre, or common fait finely powdered, may be added to the liquor while fermenting, efpecially in the beginning of the operation; or in their ftcad, a little of the vegetable, or finer mineral acids, may be dropped in at different times when found neceffary. Thefe are of great ufe^ efpecially, in the fermenting folutions of treacle, honey, and the like fweet and rich vegetable juices, which either wholly want an acid in themfclves, or have it in too fmall a proportion, or have been robbed or diverted of it. The proper acids for this purpofe are, the juice of Seville oranges, or lemons, or the fpirit of fulphur, or Glauber's fpirit of fait, or, what is greatly preferable to all thefe, a particular aqueous folution of tartar, a fuccedaneum for which may be tamarinds, or the robs of fome very acid fruits, or the me- dia fubjlantia vini. On this foundation ftands that ingeni- ous practice of ufing a fuitable proportion of the ftill bottoms, or the remaining wafh, in the fubfequent brewing. Thefe Additions are manifeftly defigned to give a vinous acidity, or to improve that naturally afforded by the fubjccT:, without any expectation of confiderably encreafing the quantity of the fpirit. This laft is the more immediate intent in the mix- tures of aromaticks and oils, at the fame time that they give, alter, and improve the flavour. Sbazu's Effay on Diftillery. All the pungent aromaticks have a furpriling property of encreafing the quantity of fpirit ; but their ufe requires a clofe or compreffed fermentation, and if the quantity intended be large, that the Addition be not made all at once, left the oilinefs of the ingredients mould hinder the operation. If the flavour be the only thing required from them, then they fhould not be put in, till toward the end of the fermen- tation.

After the fame manner, a very confiderable quantity of any eflential vegetable oil, may by proper management be con- verted into a furprifingly large quantity of inflammable fpirit; but great care in this cafe muft be had not to drop it in too faff, nor too much at a time ; this might damp the fermentation : and indeed, the adding a large quantity of oil at once, is the common way of flopping the fermentation at any point required.

The befl method of all others, of introducing the oil, fo as to avoid all inconvenience, is to reduce it firft to an elceofaccharum, by grinding it in a mortar, with a due quantity of fine fugar in powder. The oil thus added with its particles difunited, and in form of powder, will readily mix with the liquor, and immediately ferment with it.

1 K A