Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/398

 BUL

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Some will have the proportions of the parts of building: to have "been originally taken from thofe of the parts of the human body. Perrauli, Treat. Five Ord. in Pref p. I. Authors diftinguifh two kinds of proportion to be obferved in buildings, viz. fymmetry, and eurythmy. Sturm. Mathem. Compend. p. 52.

There are three forts of draughts or reprefentations of a build- ing neceflary to be made before the conftru&ion be begun, viz. an ichnography or plan, an orthography or profile, and a fcenography or perfpedtive. Sturm, ubi fupra, p. f>2. See the articles Ichnography, Orthography, and Sceno- oraphy, Cycl.

We fay a Doric, a Corinthian edifice, not only in fpeaking of thofe which have entire orders, but of fuch as have only feme part or charadteriftic of an order ; as an entablature, pediment, chambranle, or the like. Davil. Cours d'Archit. p. 5. See Order, Doric, Corinthian, &c Cycl. tion as they are larger. Perrault, ubi fupra, P. 2. p. 127. The modern buildings arc much more commodious, as well as beautiful, than thofe of former times. Of old they ufed to dwell in houfes, moft of them with a blind ftair-cafe, low ceilings, and dark windows ; the rocms built at random, with- out any thing of contrivance, and often with Heps from one to another j fo that one would think the people of former ages were afraid of light and frefh air : whereas the genius of our times is altogether for light flair-cafes, fine fain-windows, and lofty ceilings. And fueh has been our builders induftry in point of compadtnefs and uniformity, that a houfe after the new way will afford, on the fame quantity of ground, almoft double the conveniencies which could be had from an old one. Davil. Cours d'Archit. T. 1. in fref. Neve, Build, Di£t. in voc.
 * Tis a miflake that buildings are to be made loftier in propor-

Public Buildings, according to Daviler, include thofe belong- ing to religion, as temples, churches, hofpitals, mofques, tombs, £5V. thofe erected for fecurity, as walls, towers, baftions, ?nd other parts of fortification ; thofe ferving for utility or conve- nience, as bridges, caufeways, ports, aquseducls, courts, mar- kets, bazars, caravanferas ; and laftly, thofe creeled for mag- nificence, as triumphal arches, obelifks, amphitheatres, porti- cos, &c. See Davil. loo cit. p. 417. Scbot. Itin. Ital. I. 2. p. 131. Phil. Tranf. N° 200. p. 769. Hill:. Acad. Infcript. T. 1. p. 119, feq. Hought. ColIe£t. T. 4. p. 341, feq.

Private Buildings, thofe intended for habitation, fuitable to the ftate and condition of perfons, as palaces, hotels, feats, con- vents, houfes of citizens, &c. Davil. ubi fupra, p. 417 Pancirol de Reb. Memor. P. 1. tit. 23. p, 70. Salmuth. ad eund. ibid. p. 73. Item, ad tit. 51. p. 251. Brijf. Select Antiq. 1. 1. c. 1, feq.

Rufiic or Country Buildings, thofe which compofe farm-houfes, granges, menageries, mills, bafTecours, ffables, &c.

Hydraulic Buildings, thofe wherein are inclofed machines for the moving or raifing of water, either for ufe or entertain- ment, as pumps, fountains, refervoirs, cafcades, &c.

Marine Buildings, thofe wherein fliips and other veffels are made or preferved ; fuch are arfcnals, docks, ftore-houfes, and the like. Davil. lib. cit. p. 417, feq.

Subterraneous Buildings, thofe framed under ground, as laby rinths, grottos, caves, temples cut out of rocks, &c. Some take thefe to be of the grcateft antiquity, and to have given occafion to the nrft creeling of fuperterranean edifices : the primitive buildings fec-m rather to have been intended as fhel ter againft the fcorching heats of the climate and feafons in Ethiopia, where the mid-day was fcarce tolerable without fome defence. Phil. Tranf. N° 144. p 341..

Building is alfo applied to the works of brutes. The caftor is, by his make, particularly fitted for building. With his teeth he can cut wood, and with his feet work the clay; his tail does the office of a trewel in applying, and likewife of a hod for carrying mortar. Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1704. p. 81.

BUL, in the Hebrew calendar, the eight month of the ecclefiaf-

f tical and fecond of the civil year, fmcc called marjhevan ; it anfwers to our October, and is compofed of nine and twenty days.

Bul, in ichthyology, an Englifh, name for the common flounder.

BULATW./ELA, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the beile, an herb the people of the Eaft Indies are fond of chewing. Herw. Muf. Zeyl. p. 34.

BULB {Cycl.) — The antients divided bulbs into efculent, as the onion and leek; emetic, as the narciflus ; and wild, as the hermodadtyl. Nothing, Pliny obferves, is more prolific than the lilly, a fingle root often producing no lefs than fifty bulbs. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 2. c. 5. Fair. Thef. p. 383. Modern botanifts diftinguifh two kinds of bulbs, tunicated and fquammous.

Tunicated Bules, are thofe compofed of feveral coats or tunics laid over each other j fuch are the roots of onion, tulip and jonquil. Squammus Bulbs, are thofe compofed of feveral fcales, laid in Jike manner over each other; fuch is that of the white lilly. Some alfo extend the name bulb, abufively, to thofe more pro- perly called tuberofe roots *, which with them conftitute a third fort of bulbs, called the clofe bulb ; fuch ia that of the crocus or

cyclamen \— [ a Mart. Le&. Bot. p. 4. b Bradl. Diet. Bdt. T. 1. in voc]

Some confider the bulb as a real plant, out of which a new fldlk is yearly produced ; the ftalk itfelf withering and falling away with the flower and leaves. In reality, as the leaves which fall yearly, are not neceflary to the integrity of the plant ; fo neither does the ftalk feem to be, which fprings out of the bulb, and withers away, the bulb itfelf ftill remaining entire c. We may add, that the very leaves and flowers, e. gr. of a tulip, have been diftindlly perceived to be contained in its bulb d. — p Chauv. Lex. Philof. p 85. d DuHamel, Hift, Acad. Scien. 1. 2. fc&. 3. c. 1. p. 165, feq.]

Bulbs are alfo taken for the round fpired beards of flowers. Di£t. Ruff. T. 1. in voc.

BULBOCASTANUM, Earth-nut, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is umbelliferous, and of the rofaceous kind, being com- pofed of feveral leaves, arranged in a circular form. The cup finally becomes a fruit, compofed of two imall feeds, which are fometimes fmooth, fometimes ftriated on their gibbofe fides, and fmooth on their flat ones. To this it is to be add- ed, that the roots are tuberous and flefhy.

The foeciee of earth-nut, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The great broader-leaved earth-nut. 2. Theleffer narrow-leaved earth-nut. 3. The great Alpine parfnep-leaved earth-nut. 4. The Portugal earth-nut, with finely divided leaves. Tourncf. Inft. p. 307.

BULBOCODIUM, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for pfeudo-narciffus Angl'uus, or common wild yellow daffodil. Chabrecu.', p. 212*

BULBONALK, in botany, the name by which feveral authors call the viola lunaris, known in our gardens by the names of fatin and honejly.

BULBOUS, or Bvlbos e plants, thofe which have a bulb, or round head in their root. See Bulb and Root. Such are tulips, leeks, onions, garlicks, daffodils, hyacinths, crocufes, &c. Ray, Synopf. Stirp. Britan. Gen. 21. p. 22S, feq. See the article Plant.

Ray diftinguifhes another genus of plants, by their affinity to the bulbous kind ; fuch as are the irifes, orchides, arums, csV. Id. ibid. Gen. 22. p. 233, feq.

Bulbous roots have a motion of afcent and defcent, whereby they obtain different places in the earth, being fometimes deeper, and fometimes higher, fo as to appear in fomemeafure above ground, as is frequently the cafe of turneps. Grew, Anat. Veget. 1. 2. P. r. c. 1. §. 11. p. 59. Bullous roots bear an affinity to the perennial ones, and are re- newed like them. Du Hamel, Hift. Acad. Scien. 1. 2. feci. 5. c.i. p. 177.

The feveral rinds or fcales, whereof bulbs chiefly confift, fuc- ceflively perifh, and fhrink up into fo many dry thin skins, be- tween which and their center other leaves and fhells are form- ed, by which means the bulb is perpetuated. Grew, ubi fupra, p. 61. See Perennial, Cycl.

Flowering of Bulbose plants. See the article Flowering.

BULBUS vepiclorius, in the materia medi. a, the name ufed for the root of the mufcari or mufk grape plant. Dale, Pharni. p. 244-

BULCARD, an Englifh name for the galcetta, or alauda non crijlata, of Rondeletius ; a fmall fea-fifh caught among the rocks on the Cornlfh and other fhores. Willughby, Hift. Pifc p. 13^.

BULEF, in botany, a name by which fome authors call the willow. Ger. Emac Ind. 2.

BULEPHORUS, in the court of the eaftern emperors, was the fame officer with fumm& rei Rationalis. Pancirol. Notit. Imp. Orient, c. 75. Schoet. Ant. Lex. p. 238. See the article Ra- tionalis, Cycl.

BULEUTiE, EaAit/rai, in the cities of Greece and Afia, were the fame with decuriones at Rome. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 128. See the article Decurio, Cycl.

The word has been fometimes alfo ufed to denote fenators. Calv. loc. cit. See the article Senator.

BULGARIAN language, the fame with the lingua Heneta, or Sclavonic. Vid. Vogt. Bibl. Hift. Hsref. T. 1. p. 135. See the article Sclavonic, Cycl.

BULGOLDA lapis, the name of a ftone taken out of the head of an animal in A.merica, called by the natives bulgoldalf. We have no account of this, but that it pofieues the virtues of the bezoar, as a cordial and refifferof poifons.

BULIMY {Cycl.) feems the fame with what is otherwife called furcilla. Some alfo confound it with the fames canina, from which others diftinguifh it, in that the canine appetite is at- tended with vomiting, which the bulimy is free from, and the latter is attended with a finking of the fpirits and coldnefs, not perceived in the former. Vid. Linden. Exerc Med. 13. §. 74. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 115. ®>uinc. Lex. Phyf. Med. p. 61. Shaw, New Pract. of Phyf. p. 177. See the article Ca- nine.

The bulimy is a diforder of the ftomach, feated either in the fibres thereof, or in the gaftric liquor. It is incident chiefly to travellers, and is occafioned by chilling colds, efpecially in fe- vere froft and fnow. It begins with a vehement hunger, which

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