Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/390

 B R U

BR U

Bealis of BROWst, or Browsing hafis, a denomination includ- ing all of the fallow kind, as the deer, roe-buck, rupicapra, (3c.

Browse-itm*/, the fame with fpray or brufhwood.

BROWTING, Brouter, among the French gardners, fignifies breaking off the tips of the (lender branches of trees, when too long in proportion to their ftrength. Trev. Difl. Umv. T. i . p. 1261. voc. Brouter.

BRUISING, in pharmacy, fignifies the operation of breaking or pounding a thing coarfely, or by halves ; frequently pra£tifed on roots, woods, and other hard bodies, to make them yield their juice or virtue more freely than they would do whole.

BRUMALIA, (Cycl.) in antiquity, a religious feaft celebrated on the day of the winter folftice ; from which indications were taken of the felicity of the remaining part of the winter. The word is alfo written brcumalia, and bromaUa ; being form- ed from bruma, the fhorteft day " ; or, as others pretend, from Brotnius, a furname of Bacchus, in whofe honour the genera- lity of writers miftakenly fuppofc this feaft to have been held ". [» Vid. Voff. Etym. p. 297. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. I. p. 1256. voc. Bromalcs. b MtUrfi Gloff. Grsec. p. 123. Du Cange, Gloff Grac. T. i. p. 228, feq. voc. Ep»p«»i«.] The brumalia were alfo called bhmatia. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 297.

BRUNELLA. See the article Prunella.

BRUSH, an affemblage of hairs or hogs bridles, fattened in the holes of a wooden handle or board, pierced for that purpofe, ferving to cleanfe divers bodies by rubbing therewith. Trev. Didt. Univ. T. 1. p. 1258. voc. Brojfe. We fay a round, a flat, or a fquare hrujh, clothes-fa-a/ft, head- hru/li, hork-brujh, beui-bmfi, comb-brujli, weavers-4r»/2>, and the like. Crouch, View of Brit. Cuft. p. 124.

Shcermens Brush, is made of wild boars briftles, and ferves to lay the wool or nap of cloths, after fheering it for the kit time. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. I. p. 490.

The Reih-hrujh is of ufe in medicine, efpecially in cafe of rheumatifms, and certain cutaneous diforders. See the article Friction, Cyd.

The brujli is alfo applied to the foles of the feet of new-born infants, when fainting, to find whether they be alive or dead. Davcnt. Midwif. c. 26. Cafl. Lex. Med. p. 658. voc. /co- pula.

The manner of making britjhei is by folding the hair or brittle in two, and bringing it by means of a pack-thread, which is engaged in the fold, through the holes wherewith the wood is pierced all over, being afterwards fattened thereon with glue. When the holes are thus all filled, they cut the ends of the hair, to make the furface even. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 2, p. 1S78. voc. Vergctte.

Brush, among painters, a larger and coarfer kind of pencil, made of hogs briftles, wherewith to lay the colours on their large pieces. See the article Pencil, Cycl. Brujhes for painters are of divers fhapes and tizes, fome round, others flat ; the latter chiefly ufed for drawing lines, and in imitating olive and walnut work. Smith, Art of Painting, c. 1. p. 5.

The Chinefe painters brujli confifts of the ftalk of a plant, whofe fibres being fretted at both ends, and tied again, ferve for a hrujh. Phil. Tranfadt. N' 250. p. 7 2. Flatterers have three kinds of implements wherewith they ap- ply their platter and white-waih on walls, viz. ftock brujhes, round brujhes, and pencils. Moxon, Mechan. Exerc. p. 249. See the article Plastering.

Brujhes ate alfo ufed by glaziers, to clean their glafs « ; by gilders, to lay on their fize b, and by workers in ftucco =, (3c. [' Fclib. 1. I. c. 21. p. 192. * Idem ibid. c. 22. p. 208. ' Id. ibid. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 247.]

/^i're-BRUSHEs, are ufed by filver-fmiths, and gilders, for fcrub- bing filver, copper, or brafs pieces, in order to the gilding them. Parkins. Treat, of Japann. c. 22. p. 65. There is a method of dying or colouring leather, performed by only rubbing the colour on the skin with a hrujh. This the French leather-gilders call broujfurc ; being the loweft of all the forts of dye allowed by their ttatutes.

Brush of a fix, among fportfmen, fignifies his drag or tail, the tip or end of which is called the chape. Cox, Gent. Recr. P.

1. p. 11.

Brush iron-ore, fignifies a kind of ore full of ftrise, refembling the hair of a bruin. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3; fee. 2. c.

2. p. 330, feq. Woodw. Hift. Engl. FofT. T. 1. p. 226. See the articles Ore, and Iron.

Brush is alfo ufed in fpeaking of a finall thicket, or coppice. See the article Coppice.

In this fenfe, the word is formed from the middle age Latin hrufcia, brufcus, which fignifies the fame.

Be-vsa-wood denotes fmall flender wood or fpray. See the ar- ticle Browse.

BRUSHING. Among jockies, a Irujhing gallop denotes a brisk one : a horfe mould have his brujhing gallop in a morning be- fore watering. Brack. Not. ad Burd. Gent. Farr. p. 33.

BRUTE, an animal deftitute of the faculty and ufe of reafon. See the articles Animal, and Reason, Cycl. and Suppl. In which fenfe, brute amounts to the fame with beaft. See the article Beast, Cyd. and Suppl,

Among brutes, the monkey kind bear the neareft refembiance to man ; and this, both in the external fhape and internal ftrucrure a, though more in the former than the latter b. In the monkey-kind, the higheft and the neareft approaching the likenefs of man, is the or an outang, or homo fylvejlris c : — [ a Vide %/APhil. Works Abr. T. 1. p, 146. "Phil. Tranf. N* 189. p. 373. «Id.N»256. p. 339.]

The ftrudture and oeconomy of brutes make the object of what is called comparative anatomy. See the article Ana tomy. Philofophers are much divided about the effential characters of brutes. Some define brute an animal not rifible, or a living crea- ture incapable of laughter ; others, a mute animal, or a living thing deftitute of fpeech ; the Peripatetics, an animal endowed with a fenfitive power, but without a rational one d. The Platonifts allow reafon and underftanding, as well as fenfe, to brutes, though in a degree lefs pure and refined than that of men. Ladtantius allows every thing to brutes which men hav:*, except a fenfe of religion e. Some fceptics f have afcribed re- ligion and virtue to brutes ; and Solomon feems to allure us, that the fouls of men have no pre-eminence over thofe of

brutes'- [ J Vki.Thom. Phil. Inftrum. c. 38. p. 182. Chauv.

Lex. Phil. p. 78. voc. Bcjlia. e Lattant. Lift. Div. 1. 3. c. 10. It. de Ira Dei, c. 7. < Stanl. Hilt, of Philof. P. 1 2. c. 13. p. 78c, feq. s Vid. BucUL Exerc. deError. Stoicor. 1. §, 6. Anal. Hift. Phil. p. 100, feq. Ecclef. iii. 18, feq.] Some fpeak as if they held brutes to be moral beings, and un- der the obligation of the law of nature. Ulpian h, and other civil lawyers, are fuppofed to be of this opinion.; as alfo the Stoics, from whofe fchool this tenet is faid to have been firit borrowed '. It is alleged on the other hand, that brutes can- not be fubjedt to a law, unlefs they have a power of knowing him that made the law, judging whether he have a right to command them, and what is contained in the law, that they may direct themfelves accordingly k ; which fcem all to be things out of the reach of brutes. But Ulpian's definition of the law of nature, Jus naturalc ejl quod natura omnia animalia docuit, when fairly interpreted, does not imply, that brutes have reafon and reflexion, but may be underitood of that natural in- ftinct common to man and brute, by which they are impelled to felf-defence, propagation of their fpecies, (3c. See a Vindi- cation of Ulpian, and theRoman lawyers, in Wolfii Honzfubfe- civ. Marpurg. an. 1729. — [ h Ulji. de Juft. & Jur. Inll. 1. 1. tit. 1. ' Pujfcnd. de Jur. Nat. & Gent. 1. 2. c. 3. §. 2. Schiit. Manud. Philof. Moral, ad Jurifprud. c. 6. p. 227. Bucld. Analedl. Hift. Philof. p. 101. Selcl. de Jur. Nat. & Gent, juxta Difciplin. Ebrajor. 1. 1. c. ;. k Vid. Grot, de Jur. Bell. & Pac. 1. 1 . c. 1. Stld. lib. cit. Puffeud. dc Jur. Nat. & Gent. 1. 2. c. 3. Budd. Anal. Hift. Phil. p. 100, feq.J In antiquity, we find brute animals deified, and divine honours paid to them, efpecially among the Hyperborean nations ' ; a- mong the Egyptians, who worfhipped crocodiles » ; the Indi- ans, ferpents and vipers ; the Siamefe, elephants and the like. Hence alfo images ", and tombs, epitaphs, (3c. ' in honour of brutes — [ ' Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 7. p. 326, feq. ™ ISanier, Diff. ap. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 4. p. 11 6. » Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 247. » Lipf Cent. 3. Eg. 8g.] Alhertus » and Schmidius » have dill'ertations exprefs on the di- vine honours paid to brutes. — [ ' Albert. Difp. Hift. dc Cultu Idolatra. Beftiar. Lipf. 1 669. 1 Schmid. Diff Hift. Mor. de Honore Brutis non competente. Lipf. 1686. Wale, Exerc. de Fabul. Hift. Scmiram. §. 3. p. 9, feq.J

There are different faculties and degrees of knowledge in dif- ferent fpecies. Some have only the motive and fenfitive facul- ties, as worms; others have alfo memory, and fome imagina- tion and invention, as monkeys and elephants ' : befides that in the fame fpecies, fome in docility and ingenuity exceed others ; and that the climate, air, and food, have their influence on the brute kind, as on men ; fo that thofe of the fame fpecies, in dif. ferent countries, arc found to have different qualities; of which Englifh horfes, dogs, cocks, (3c. are a fufEcient proof 5 . 'Tis hard therefore to define any thing univerfally concerning brutes. What agrees to the oyfter or the ftar-fifh, which differ little from inanimate, will it agree to the oran-outang, which fcarce differs, except as to fpeech, from fome fpecies of men ? They who agree in afcribing reafon to brutes, do not all afcribe to. them the fame fpecies or degree of reafon : Galen, for inftance, allows brutes only internal reafon ; Porphyry alfo enunciative j Ladtantius only allows them practical reafon or prudence ; the Stoics alfo fpeculative reafon or fapience ; Anaxagoras only ac- tive reafon, exclufive of paflive; Pythagoras, reafon on the- fecond act, exclufive of the firft. There is no talent, no vir- tue belonging to man, but what we fee the refembiance of a- mong brutes, except perhaps curiofity ; they only feem to want fpeech and curiofity ' : curiofity, whereby they might be ftirred- to make inquiries, and fpeech, by which they might commu- nicate their difcoveries ™. — [ ' Rlxiig. Phyf. Div. 1. 3. c. 1 6'. feci. 2. §. 7. ' Vid. Evel. Difc. of Medals, c. 9. p. 314, feq. • Tlmnaf. Philof. Inftrum. 1. 38. §. 14. p. 184. Chauv. Lex. Phil. p. 78. "HoM. Difc. of Hum. Nat. c. 9. §. 18. p. 11 1.] They are incapable of fcience, for want of names and figna whereby to denote abftract ideas. Hobb. lib. cit. c. 5. §. 4. p. 64.

They have fenfible knowledge, but want intellectual know- ledge ; they have apprehenfion, but not reflexion w i are ca- pable