Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/387

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BRONCHOCELE, fyoyxor.-nM, in medicine, the fame with what is otherwife called hernia gutturalis % guiteria b, gongrona S ^■-[ a Celf. 1. 7. c. 13 Lang. Epift. Med. 1. 1. ep. 4-3' Caji. Lex. Med. p. 113. Gorr. Def. Med. p. 80. b Dk Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 2. p. 677. voc. Gutter'ta. c C^/?, Lex. Med. p. 370. voc. Gongrona.]

Some confound it with the ftruma, fcrophula, or king's evil : from which, in propriety, it differs; as the bronchoccle is feated in the mufcles of the throat, between the fkin and afpera ar- teria d ; the ftruma in the thyroid glands, or theparotis conglo- bata. Some make the broncbotefo only a fpecies of ftruma =. [ d Lang. loc. cit. p. 196. e Phil. Tranf. N° 265. p. 631.] See the article Struma, Cyd.

Albucafis defines the bronchoccle as a rupture in the fore-part of the neck, owing to iced waters f. It is better defined by others an encyftic humour, arifmg in the throat, and diftendinj; exceedingly, being filled with a grofs phlegmy humour, mix- ed with a little bloods.— [ * Freind, Hift. of Phyf. T. 2. p, 145. B Le Clere, Treat. Chir. Dif. c. 3, art. 3. p. no.] It is of the oedematous kind, like the atheroma, meliceris, and 1 fcrophula ; from which it is chiefly diftinguifhable by the place it poffefl'es, and by its being of a fomewhat harder confidence, and not altering the fkin. Le Clerc, lib. cit. c. 4. p. 125, feq The bronchocele is common in Lombardy, Savoy, and about the Alps; whence Horace,

Quis tumidum gutiur tmratur in Alpibus. It is commonly fuppofed to derive its origin from the Alpine waters, which being impregnated and chilled with ice and fnow, caufes alentor of the lympha, about the mufcles of the throat, whereby the vefTels are contracted, and the circulatin] humors thickened, whence an obftruclion, &c. Tho' there are ibme fpecies of it fuppofed alfo to arife from ftrajns, bruifes, and other accidents. Lang. Epift. Med. 1. 1. ep 43. p. 190. Phil. Tranf. N° 265. p. 631. Du Conge, lib. cit. Freind, Hift. Phyf. T. 2. p. 14.5, feq.

BRONCHOTOMY (Cyd.) is an antient operation, tho* never much in ufe. Paulus describes the manner of it after Antyl- lus K Among the Arabs, Avenzoar is the only writer who giwes any countenance to it b. It is ]iever to be ufed except in cafes of the utmoft neceffity and danger c ; as in defperate in- flammations of the mufcles of the larynx, which hinder refpi- ration, and in inveterate and dangerous bronchoceles. — [ a Vid Freind, Hift. of Phyf. T. 1. p. 203, feq. * Id. ibid. T. 2. p. 94. c Boerh. Aphor. §. 812. Horn. Microt. feet. 2. §. 17. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 725. voc. Tracheiotomia.] Seethe articles Quinsey, Bronchocele, &c.

BRONCHUS, in anatomy, properly denotes the lower part of the afpera arteria, dividing into bronchia, or branches. Lang. Epift. Med. 53. 1.2. ^uinc. Lex. Phyf. Med. p. 61. In which fenfe, bronchus, @p*tx®; or $^%-n, ftands contra- diftinguifhed from larynx, ?u*poy£ See the article Larynx. Cyd.

The name bronchus is alfo extended to the whole afpera arteria., or trachea. Gorr. Defin. p. 80. in voc. Beeyx®-* See the ar- ticle Trachea, Cyd,

Bronchus alfo denotes a perfon afflicted with a bronchocele, or tumor of the throat, called by Ulpian gutturofus. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 112. voc. Bronchus. See the article Broncho- cele.

BRONCINI, in zoology, a name given by fome to the lupus, or fea-wolf, called in Englifh the bajje. WiUugBy, Hift. Pifc. p, 272. See the article Basse.

BR.ONTEUM, Bgttntw, in antiquity, that part of the theatre underneath its floor, wherein brazen vcflels, full of ftonesand other materials, to imitate the noife of thunder, were kept. Potter, Archseol. Grsec. 1. 1 . c. 8. p. 42.

BRONTIiE, among naturalifts, a kind of figured ftoncs, com- monly hemifpherical, and divided by five pointed zones. The word is formed from the Greek &?arrn, thunder; alluding to the popular tradition, that thofe ftones fall in thunder- fhowers a : whence they are alfo denominated thunder-ftoncs, fometimes polar ftones, fairy-ftones, and alfo ombrise, by na- turalifts.— [ a Plot, Nat. Hift. Stafford, c. 5. §.5. b Id. Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. 5. §. 32.

Pliny reprefents the brontia as a fpecies of gem, fhaped tortoife- like c ; by which it fhould feem, the brontia of the antient na- turalifts was different from that of the moderns, which is but a yellowifh opake pebble or flint d .— [ c Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 37. c.io. d Mercat. Metalloth. Arm. 9. loc. 13, c. 17. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3. fee. 1. c. 1. p. 258.] Brontia are a fort of folid irregular hemifpheres, fome of them a little oblong, or inclined to be oval ; others more elevated or depreffed on their bafes ; all of them divided into five parts, generally unequal, tho' fometimes equal, by five rays ifliting from an umbilicus or center, defcending from it down the fides of the body, and terminating again fomewhere in the bafe : their inward texture, tho' feemingly only a coarfe rub- ble ftone, "is cafed over with a fine laminated fubftance, much like the lapis judaicus, of a colour generally yellow, and the rays formed of a double rank of tranfverfe lines, with void fpaces between the ranks, vifible enough on the top of the ftone, though not fo diftinguifhable on the bottom ; the whole body of the ftone, as well as the fpaces included within the rays, being elfcwhere filled with annulets, curioufly wrought

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by nature's own hand. The center of the rays, called by Anftotle umbilicus, by Pliny modiolus, is never placed on the top of the ftone, but always inclining to one fide, as that at the bottom does to the other, the axis lying obliquely to the pane of the ftone: two of them clapped together, make a globe, with meridians defcending to the horizon, and the pole elevated, nearly correfpondent to the real elevation of the pole of the place where the ftones are found, which gave occafion to their being denominated polar ftones. Plat. Nat. Hift. Ox- ford, c. 5. §.30. p. 91, feq.

Brontia! are never found in beds together, like fome other formed ftones, nor in any great number in any one place, un- lefs perhaps about Eurford in Oxfordfhire, where it might be eafy to find a cart-!oad of them. Id. ibid. Plot defcribes divers forts of brmtix found in Oxfordfliire ; few of them taken notice of by other naturalifts. Ubi fupra, §• 3°> 37- P- 9 '• See alfo Rul. Lex. Alch. p. 200. voc. La- pides. * y

Some take the brontia: for the petrified (hells of the echinus fpa- tagus, or brifcus, of Ariftotle. Dr. Woodward rather fuppofes them to have been formed, and received their (hape, in the ftlell of the echinus fpatagus ' ; on which footing they are alfo ranked in the number of echinites. Dr. Plott contefts both f. [• Woodward, Method of Foflils, p. ic, feq. Aldrovand. Muf. Metall. 1. 4, c. 1. ' Ubi fupra, §. 37. p. 94.] See the ar- ticle Echinites. Brontia are fometimes alfo ufed in England for a kind of fi- gured ftones, ffiaped like arrow-heads, lefs properly called belemnites, and popularly thunder-bolts. Plot. Nat. Hift. Oxf. c - 5' §• 38 P- 31- See the article Belemnites. Dr. Woodward takes thefe not for natural ftones, but fuppofes them to have been faihioned thus by art, to ferve as weapons before the invention of iron. IVoodw. Catal. For. FofT. p. 5 1. Some alfo give the denomination brontia to the batrachites and clelonites. hicols, Lapid. P. 2. c. 36. p. 159. Id. ib. c. 46. p. 264. See the articles Batrachites, Cyd. and Suppl. and

CHELONITES, Cyd,

BRONTOLOGY, e^^r, books containing the doctrine of thunder, and of the prefages drawn therefrom. Meurf. Gloff. Gnec. Barb. p. 122. DuCange, Glofl". Grax. T. I. p. 227.

BRONZE, a factitious metal, chiefly ufed for the calling of fta- tues and figures.

The word is French, where it is ufed more extenfively, fo as to include all the compofitions of brafs or copper, as for guns, bells, pots, or the like. Menag. Orig. p. 136. Cafeneuv. Orig. p. 29.

It is formed from the Italian bronzo, which fignifies the fame. Copper medals are frequently called medals of bronze. Meda- lifts diftinguifh the large, middle, and little bronze. Trev. Dicf. Univ. T. I. p. 1257.

The compofition of bronze is different : for the fineft ftatues, the mixture is. half copper, and half brafs, or latten '. The Egyptians, whom fome make the inventors of the art, ufed two thirds brafs, and one third copper b .— [ « Felib. Princ. de l'Archit. 1. 2. c. 5. p. 240. b Savor. Difl. Coram T. 1. P- 489-]

Bronze alfo denotes a colour prepared by the colourmen of Pa- ris, wherewith to imitate bronze.

There are two forts, the red bronze, and the yellow or golden. The latter is made folely of copper dull, the fineft and brighteft that can be had : in the former is added a little quantity of red oker, well pulverized. They are both applied with varnifli ». To prevent their turning greenilh, the work muft be dried over a chaffing-difh, as foon as bronzed b. — [ ■ Davil. Cours d'Archit. T. 1. p. 230. b Savar. Dicf. Coram, T. 1. p. 49c]

BRONZING, the art or act of imitating bronze, which is done by means of copper duft, or leaf, fattened on the outfide, as gold leaves are in gilding. See the article Bronze.

BROOD (Cyd.)— Malpighi had the curiofity to break feveral times all the eggs of a brood, one half an hour after another, and obferve with a microfcope the fucceflive alterations pro- duced therein, till the moment of hatching ; of all which he has given figures, curioufly engraven. Trev. Dici. Univ. T. 2. p. 352. voc. Couvre.

The word is alfo ufed for a fet of any young : In which fenfe we fay, a broodoi vipers, abroodot oyfters \ A brood of phez- fants is more properly called an eye b. — [ « Philof. Tranf. N* 369. p. 251. b School. Recr. p. 79.]

BROODING, the act of a hen or other bird fitting on a num- ber of eggs, to keep them warm till they hatch or produce young ones. See the article Hatchinc, Cyd. In which fenfe, the word amounts to the fame with incuba- tion.

Infccfs have alfo a method of brooding on their ova a. Some even pretend, that fnakes lye on their eggs ; which feems without foundation b. — [ * Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1602 15. b Phil. Tranf. N" 8. p. 138.] '

'Tis a vulgar error that the tortoife broods with its eyes, by looking on the eggs : (lie only covers her eggs in the fand,'and Jeavcs the fun to hatch them.

There is a difference between the brooding offtakes and vipers j the former being oviparous, and the latter bringing forth their young alive. See the articles Snake, and Viper.

4 BROOK-