Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/386

 B R O

B R O

In fom» parts of England, a fpit is ft ill called a broach. Hence alio to broach a barre', is to tap it. The antient lords received from their tenants a fee or tribute, called pcrtufagium, for the liberty of broaching a cag of ale. Du Cange, GlolT Lat. T. 4. p. 253. voc. Pirtufagtim.

BROAD (Cyd.)— The French weavers are not left to make their fluffs broad or narrow at difcretion ; having laws to re- gulate the width at which their looms are to be fet, and the quantity of threads of warp for each fort. Savar. Diet. Com. T. 2. p 488. voc. Large.

Broad Pulfe. Seethe article PutSE.

Broad-www, Lumbricus latus, a name given to the taenia, or tape-worm. See the articles T iENi a, Worm, &c.

B&OAn-fde, in the fea language, a difcharge of all the guns on one fide of a (hip at the fame time.

A broad fide is a kind of volley of cannon, and ought never to be given at a diftance from the enemy above mufket-mot at point-blank. Bote!. Sea Dial. 6. p. 362.

BROAD-p/ffe, a denomination given to certain gold coins broader than a guinea ; particularly Carolufes and Jacobufes,

Broad^//^, in building, a fpecies of free-ftone, thus denomi- nated by reafon it is raifed broad and thin out of the quarries ; or not exceeding two or three inches in thicknefs ; chiefly ufed for paving. Neve, Build. Diet, in voc.

BROCARDICS, Brocardica, denote maxims or principles in law ; fuch as thofe publifhed* by Azo, under the title of Bro- cardica Juris. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p, 1252. voc. Bra- card.

Voflius derives the word from the Greek w^a,fx*»> ?• d. firft •elements. Others, with more probability, from Furchard, or Brochard, bifhop of Worms, who made a collection of ca- nons, called from hence Brocardtca ; and as this work abound- ed much in fentences and proverbs, the appellation broeardica became hence extended to every thing. Fabric. Bibl. Med. Lat. T. 1. p. 827. Heuman. Via ad Hift. Liter, c. 4. §. 33. p. TOO.

BROCATELL, called by the French brocadd, an ordinary kind of fluff made of cotton, or coarfe filk, in imitation of bro- cade ; chiefly ufed for tapeftry and other furniture. That ma- nufactured at Venice is the moft efteemed. Savar. Diet. Com. T. 1. P.4B3. See the article Brocade, Cyd.

BROCCOLI, among gardiners, the (hoot of a fort of cabbage. There are fcveral forts of it, as the Roman, the Neapolitan, and the black; but the Roman is far the beft, and is therefore the only fort now in ufe.

The feeds of this fhould be fown about the middle of May, in a loofe moift foil ; when the young plants have eight leaves, they are to be tranfplanted, and fet at three inches diftance ; and when they have grown there till the middle of July, they will be fit to plant out for ftanding. They muft be now fet in fome well fheltered ground, but not under the drip of trees, and at a foot and half diftance from one another. The foil fhould be light, and about the beginning of December they will begin to fhew their heads, which look fomewhat like a cauliflower ; from this time they will continue eatable to the end of March. When the heads divide, and begin to run up, they are to be cut, with about four inches of the ftem to them ; and when thefe are cut off, about a month's time furnifhes a frefh crop from the fame ftock. They are to be ftripped of their outer fkin, and boiled ; and when perfectly fine, they are very little inferior to afparagus. The beft way to have them fine, is to get frefh feed every year from Italy ; for they are very apt to degenerate. Miller's Gardn. Diet.

BROCHOS, in furgery, a name ufed by fome writers for ban- dages in general : in fome of the old writers, the fame word is alfo ufed to exprefs a perfon who has a very prominent upper lip, or very prominent teeth, and a thick mouth. Cajl, Lex. Med. in voc.

BROCK, among fportfmen, fometimes denotes a badger, other- wife called a grey brock. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 1. p. 101. See the articles Taxus, and Meles.

Brock is alfo ufed to denote a hart of the fecond year. Idem, ibid. p. 6,

BR.ODIATORES, in the middle age, a kind of Ubrarii, orco- pifts, who did not write the words and letters plain, but va- rioufly flourifhed and decorated after the manner of embroi- dery. Du Cange, Gl off Lat. T. 1. p. 624.

BRODIUM, a term ufed by fome writers in pharmacy, for a li- quor in which any folid fubftance has been boiled, is to be pre- ferved, or with which a medicine too ftrong for ufe alone is to be diluted. Cap. Lex. Med. in voc.

BROGLING, a method of fifhing for eels, otherwife called /niggling. Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 4. p. 39. School. Recr. p. 112. See the article Sniggling.

BROKEN {Cyd.) — Among horfe-jockies, broken knees are a mark of a (tumbler. A broken wind is difcovered by a horfe's blowing at the nofe in the ftable, and his flanks beating quick, double °and irregular, efpecially after motion ». There are divers ways of concealing a broken wind. A quart of new milk given a horfe on an empty ftomach, will elude it for an hour *. A brufning gallop difcovers it j no medicine can pre- vent his coughing and wheezing in that cafe, if his wind be broken.— [* Burd- Gent. Farr. p. 12. b Brack. Not, Burd. p. 13, feq-3

Among painters, a colour is faid to be broken, when it is taken down or degraded by the mixture of fome other. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 4. p. 1337. voc. Rompu.

Broken Ray, in dioptrics, the fame with ray of refraElion. It is thus called, becaufc in crofling the fecond medium, the ray of incidence changes its rectitude, and is, as it were, broken and bent into another direction.

BROKER (Cyd.) — The origin of the word is conteftcd ; fome derive it from the French broier, to gcifcd a j others from bro~ carder, to cavil, or triggle b ; others "deduce broker from a trader broken, and that from the Saxon broc, misfortune ; which is often the true reafon of a man's breaking. In which view, a broker is a broken trader by misfortune ; and 'tis faid none but fuch were formerly admitted to that employment c .— [ a Term, de Ley, p. 40. b Cow. Interpr. in voc. c Jac. Law Diet, in voc.

Brokers amount to the fame with what the civilians call proxe- neice J, pararii % mediatores, licitatores f , and propo/ts e j in our old lawbooks, brocaril h, broccarii' 1 , and broggersK — [*Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 762. voc. Proxmeta. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. P' 553- c Cah. lib. cit. p. 671. voc. Pararius. * Cowd, Interpr. in voc. s Pjtifc. lib. cit. p. 546. voc. Prepaid, Calv, p. 756. h Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 623. Spelman. Gloff p. 88. voc. Brocarius. l Skin, de Verb. Signif. voc. Broccarii. k Stat. io. Rich. II. c. i.J

The Jews, Armenians, and Banians, are the chief brokers throughout moft parts of the Levant and the Indies. The French diftinguifh two kinds of brokers; one for the fer- vice of merchants, the other of manufacturers, artificers, and workmen. The bufinefs of the former is to facilitate the fale of goods in the wholefale or mercantile way ; that of the other, to procure the goods wanted for manufacturers, artificers, &c, or to fell their goods when made. At Paris there is fcarce a company of tradefmen, or even mechanics, but have their bro- kers, who are ufually taken out of their body, and make it their fole bufinefs to negotiate in the particular kinds of goods to which fuch company is by its fhtutes reftrained. There are brokers for drapery, brokers for grocery, brokers for mer- cery, ts'c. There are even brokers for tanners, curriers, cut- lers, and the like. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 1 571, fed,

CIath-Bs.oK&&'. — At Paris they have a regular company of thefe brokers, or frippiers, who are governed by ftatutes firft given them under Francis I. in 1544 ; having, for officers, a fyndic and four jurats. Each member is obliged to keep an exact re- gifter of all cloths, old or new, which he buys, with the per- Ton's name he bought them of, and even, in certain cafes, to take fureties. They are not fuffered to make any thing new. Savar. lib. cit. T. 2. p. 168, feq. voc. Frippier.

P/ot-Brokers, a fort of petty dealers in drapery, who fell frag- ments or remnants of cloths, fluffs, filks, and the like, at un- der-price. 1

BROMUS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for that kind of grafs, called by others _/f/5W/ and ezgllops, or oat-grafs. This, in the Linnsean fyftcm of botany, makes a diftinct s;eiius of plants ; the characters of which are, that the cup is a many- flowered glume, open, compofed of two valves, and contains the flowers collected into an oval and oblong l'pike ; the fe* veral valves are all oblong, oval, and pointed, and without beards ; the under one being always alfo the fmalleft : the flower is compofed of two valves, the lower, large, and of the fhape and Jize of the cup, and the upper, fmall and point- ed : the under-valve of the flower is concave and obtufe, and fends out an awn or beard from a little below its point ; the up- per is naked : the ftamina are three capillary filaments, ftiorter than the flower j the antherae are oblong ; the germen is of a turbinated figure ; the ftyles are two,fhort, reflex, and hairy ; the ftigmata are fingle ; the flower-valves clofely fhut in the feed, which is fingle and oblong, convex on one fide, and ful- cated on the other. Linntsi Gen. Plantarum, p. 15.

BRONCHIAL (Cyd,)— The Bronchial glands are a foft, fuccu- lent, blackifh fort of glands, adhering externally to the lower part of the trachea, the greater divifions of the bronchia and the oefbphagus, fome larger, fome fmaller 3 faid to be difco- vered by Verheyen.

Their ufe is uncertain a ; the generality hold them to ftirnifh an unctuous liquor, to mciften and line the infide of the bron- chia b. Verceillon will rather have them fecrete a juice for the fervice of digeftion, conveyed by minute ducts to the oefo- phagus and ftomach ; which, however, is called in queftion by Heifter c .— [ a Drake, Antrop. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 207, feq. Heiff. Comp. Anat. §. 259. p. 122. b Drake, lib. cit. c Heiji. lib. cit. T. 2. §. 388. p. 26, feq.

Verheyen is of opinion, that the hoarfenefs which arifes from a cold taken, may proceed from an obftruction of thefeglands ; and that the benefit which accrues from taking oil of almonds, or other fmooth medicaments, may proceed from their fupply- ing the defect of this juice, and lubricating artificially the in- fide of the bronchia. But It fhould rather feem, that the hu- midity furniihed the trachea and bronchia, comes from the mi- liary glands of thofe parts, which are only lymphatics, and become tumid in morbid cafts, infomuch that they frequently prefs the wind-pipe, or fome of its branches, and caufe an afthma. Drake, Mb. cit. p. 20 s, feq.

BRONCHOCELE,