Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/375

 B R E

B R E

wafhed and dried ; let this be changed every three days, and let there be put, at the bottom of the vefl'cl, Tome good black mould, -with fome fennel chopped final! among it. This will clean them perfectly; and, in about three weeks, they will be- fit to ufe. The lines muft be filk alone, or filk and hair, and the floats large troofe or fwan quills ; a plummet muft be pre- pared of a piece of lead, of the fhape of a pear, with a ring at the fmall end ; the lead muft be faflened to the line, and the line-hook to the lead ; about ten or twelve inches fpace will be enough between the lead and the hook ; and the lead muft be heavy enough to fink the float. The hook is to be baited with a ftrongahrf vigorous worm, which will draw it up and down at the bottom, and provoke the bream to bite more gree- dily. It will be beft to fit up three or four rods in this man- ner, and fet them all at once. Find the exact depth of the water, if poffible, that the float may jult lie even with the fur- /ace, directly over the lead ; then provide the following ground bait.

Take a peck of fweet grofs ground malt, boil it a little, {train it hard through a bag, and take it to the water-fide ; throw in this malt by handfuls, fqueezed bard together, that the water may not feparate it before it gets to the bottom ; it fhould be thrown in about a yard above the place where the hook is to lie. This is to be done about nine o'clock at night, and, about three in the morning, go again to the place, approaching cau- tioufly, fo as to keep out of fight of any fifh that may be at the top of the water, while the reft are feeding at the bottom ; then throw in the line, with the hook nicelv baited, and the others at about a yards diftance above and below the firft, and one another; let the rods lie on the ground, and when one is taken, there is no occafion to run up nattily ; hut the fifh may he left to tire himfelf a little, and then betaken up. If there be any carp in the place, the fame method ufually takes them too ; and if there be pike, they are ufually drawn about the ground-bait ; not that they will touch it, but the re- tort of fmall fifh brings them to the place ; in this cafe, they muft be attempted firft. The beft bait is a gudgeon, bleak, or fmall roach j and let this be baited with a worm, hanging at the point of the hook. The pike will feldom mifs this bait. When the enemy is thus removed, the carp and bream will come and bite freely. The fport will laft till about nine in the morning ; or, if the day be gloomy, all day long.

BREAST [Cycl.) — ■Anatomifts fomctimes divide breajis into per- fect, which are compofed of a multitude of glands, interwoven with veins, arteries, and nerves ; fuch as are thofc of women ; and imperfect breajis, compofed chiefly- of fat, with a few glands ; fuch as are thofe of men., Trev. Did:. Univ. T. 3. p. 114. voc. Mamelle. When men's breafts grow large and turgeht, like the breajis of

• women, it is confidered as fomething preternatural, and gives men the denomination, y waiaSftarb* % q. d. woman-brfajled ; though others apply this denomination to the breajis of women, when at their utmoft growth and prominency b. — [ a Caji. Lex. Med. p. 376. voc. Gyneecomajhs. b Gorr. Med. Defin. p.

Q~. VOCi rwtwx'jprtr,]

The breajis are ufually two ; though we alfo meet with in- stances of trimdmmitff, or women with three breajis c, and even fome with four, all yielding milk alike d. — [ c Barthol. Act. Med. Hafn. T. 3. Art. 93. p. (71. Caji. Lex. Med. p, 728. voc. Trimammitf. <l Cabrol. Obferv. 7. BlaJ. Comm. ad Veiling, c. 9. p. 13?.]

The antients reprefented Diana of Ephefus with many breajfs, as appears from feveral medals of that city ; whence fhe had the epithet Maimnofa, q. d. having many breajis; an appellation which is alfo given to Ills and to Ceres. Trev. Diet. T. 3. p. 114. voc. Mamelie.

'Vhebreajls have their particular figure, conftftence, complexion and dimenfions, requifite to render them beautiful. Women with huge breajis arc called ^wX^a^Sat, in Latin, matumofa. Caji. Lex.'Med. p. 480.

In the ifland of Anabon, the women have their breajis fo long, that they fuckle their children over their moulders. Trev. Diet. loc. cit.

Ln France, the piinifhment alloted women, who confpire a- gainft the king's life, is to have melted lead injected into theu - breafts. Trev. Diet, ubi fupra.

The office of the breafts is to fecrete the milk from the arteries in their glandulous fubftance, to collect it in their lacteal tubes, and, at proper feafons, to yield it to the infant throuo-h the nipple. Heiji. Comp. Anat. §. 250. p. 115. Vejling. lib. cit. Some, however, afl'ert, that the milk is not formed from the blood, but from the chyle, which is immediately conveyed thi- ther by the thoracic, or Pecquct's ducts a. And what confirms the fuggeftion, is the quick fupply of milk in nurfes, after a draught of cow's milk b. The difficulty is, to prove, that the thoracic duct reaches to the breafts, which fome abfolutely deny c. — [» Phil. Tranf. N° 65. p. 1357. b Id. N tf 4c p. 805. c Blaf. ad Vefling. c. 1 A. p. 38c] Swelling breajis, efpecially if there be milk found in them, is . generally judged a mark of the lofs of virginity, and a proof that a woman has been with child ; tho', 'tis faid, it does not hold univerfally. Teuhmey Inft. Med. Leg c. 5. qu. 2. p- 35, feq. See Virginity, Cycl. and Suppl. The fwelling of the breajis during the time of geftation, is

owing to the confent between the breajis and the uterus ; there being fo near a communication between the mammary vefl'els, and the hypogaftric veflels of the womb, that a dilatation in the latter is attended with a fimilar one in the former. Id. ib. p; 36. See Uterus, Prkcnancy, &e. The breafts, efpecially after delivery, are liable to divers dif- eafes; as inflammations, excoriations, indurations, tumefac- tions, nodes, abfcefTes, fchirrhufes, and cancers a j to which may be added, certain peculiar diforders, as the fparganofis b , ftrangalides c, and gynaecomafton d .— [ a Shazv, New Pra6t. of Phyf. p. 525, feq. Nent, Fund. Med. T. J. P. 1. p. 2T5, feq. Item, T. 2. P. 7. tab, 198. c. 4. p. 921, feq. Junck. Confp Med. tab. 15. p. 735. b C a/i. Lex. Med. p. 676. voc. Sparganofh. c Id. p. 689. voc. Strangalides. d Id. p. 376. voc. Gynarcomajlon.] See Cancer, Schirrus, &e.

Breast is alfo applied to the correfpondent parts of other ani- mals ; more properly called udders, dugs, ubera, Sic. 1 he opoffum is ufually faid to have hs breajis, or teats, in the marfupium or pouch : but Dr. Tyfon finds this a popular er- ror. Phil. Tranf. N° 239. p. 122. See Opossum.

Breast alfo denotes a large cavity or region of the body, by anatomifts more frequently called thorax7 See Thorax. Though, in propriety, the breajt is rather reftrained to the anterior part of the thorax where the ribs meet ; called alfo Jiermim, r.gwr, rwS©-, and petlus; in Englifh, popularly, the bojom. Gorr. Med. Defm. p. i 86. voc. nfm. Caji Lex. Med. p. 569. voc. Peelus. Blaf. Comm. ad Vefling. c. 9. p. 130.

We fay, aflat, a narrow, or ftraight breaji a ; a broad breaji, not high, is ranked among the figns of longevity b. Defluxi- ons on thebreaji and lungs are dangerous.— [" Caji. Lex Med. p. 649. voc. Sanhdes. b Bat. Kiffc. Vit. & Mort. ap. Works, J'. 2 ; P- 1 39-]

Smiting the breaji is one of the expreflionsof penitence c. In the Romifh church, the prifeft beats his breaji in rehearfing the general confeffion at the beginning of mafs *.— [ c Durant, de Ritib. Ecclef. c. 48. n. 38. p. 789. A Id. ibid. c. 12. n. 5. p. 445.]

Coughs, catarrhs, afthmas, phthifes, peripneumonies, tsv. are difeafes of the breaji. See Cough, Asthma, &c. Cjd. and Suppl.

Phyficians alfo fpeak of a dropfy of the breaji, hydrops pectoris. See Dropsy, Cycl. and Suppl.

Medicines for diforders of the breaji are called peclorals. See the article Pectoral, Cycl.

Breast-^ow. See Sternum.

Tumors of the Breast. See Mammarum Tumoresi

Breast of a cbhrmey, denotes the fore-part under the mantle or chimney-piece, commonly made inclined. Vid. Gaug. Fire's Improvem, P. 1. c. 1. p. 10. It. P. 3. c. z. p. 61. It. c. 5. p. 102, See Chimney, Cycl.

Breast-/^, w Brest^t/?, denotes a rope fattened to fome part of a fhip forward on, to keep her head faft to a wharf, or the like. Botel. Sea Dial. 4. p. 197. Manivayr. Seam. Diet. p. 16. Guili. Gent, Diet. P. 3. in voc.

Breast-Zjoo^j, the compafllng timbers before in a fhip, which help to ftrengthen her ftem, and all her fore-part. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 3. in voc.

Breast-^/a, called by the Italians grandezza di petto, is a dif- temper in horfes, proceeding from fuperfluity of blood and other grofs humours, which being diflblved by fome extreme and diforderly heat, ref'ort downward to the breaji, and pain him extremely.

The figns of the brea/l-pzln are, a flifF, flaggering, and weak- going with his fore-legs ; befides, th t he can hardly, if at all, bow his head to the ground. Ruft.Dict. T. 1. in voc.

Br east -plate, a piece of defenflve armour, wherewith to cover the breaji.

The breaft-y>hte is faid to be the invention of Jafon. It was originally made of leather, afterwards of mail, and laftly of a brazen or iron-plate a. When made of this laft matter, it is more particularly called cUbanus*, by the moderns cuirafs; when made of brafs, with a Gorgon's head in the middle, it is denominated a-gis*. — [ a Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 102, feq. voc. Lorica. b Du Cangc, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 1024. voc. Clibanus. c Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. T. 1, p. 41. voc. &gis.] See Cuirass, and ^Egis, Cycl.

The breajl-p\ate, called alfo by the Romans peelorale, by the Greeks x.a,$Mtyu?,*£ J, is frequently confounded with the tho- rax and lorica ; from both which it ought to be diftinguifhed, as being properly a 'ftp.&wfaxm i half-thorax, or half-lorica, co- vering only the breaji ; whereas the thorax, ®i>pa%, invefted the body e. — [ a Pitifc. ibid. T. 2. p. 397. voc. Peftorale. As the whole thorax might be a temptation to the foldiery to turn their backs, when equally guarded with their breajis, the thorax was thrown away, and the hemi-thoracion, or foW/r- plate, only retained. Polycsn. Stratag. 1. 7.
 * Pott. Archreol. Gra?c. 1. 3. c. 4. T. 2. p. 29, feq,]

B& east -plate, in the manege, denotes a leathern firap running from one fide of the faddle, crofs the horfe's breaji, to the other ■„ intended to keep the faddle from flipping backwards, in mount- ing up rifmg-grounds. It is otherwife called^; fometimee the poitrail. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 1. in voc. Du Cange y Gloff. Lat. T. 4. p. 219. in voc. Peilsrale.

4 Breast-