Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/362

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BOW

pollo j of olive to Minerva; myrtle to Venus; ivy to Bac- chus; pine to Pan, and cyprefsto Pluto. Pitifc. Lex. Antiq p. 81-9. voc. Frondibits.
 * Xkcn boughs were offered to Jupiter ; thofe of laurel to A-

Some make them the primitive food of mankind, before acorns were invented. Scnec. de Ira, 3. 20.

BOUILLON, among farriers, a lump or excrefcence of flefli, growing either onor juft by a horiVs frufh, and making him halt. Gulll. Gent. Diet. P. 1. in voc.

HOWYNk-Affeclio, a worm creeping between the fkin and the fleih, eating its way, faid to be frequently found in black cat- tle. Syh.^Med. p. 928. Cojl. Lex. Med. p. no.

BOVISTA, in botany, a term ufed by fome authors to exprefs puff-ball, or dufty mufhrooms.

BOULCOLACA, among the modern Greeks, denotes the fpec- tre of fome wicked perfon who died excommunicated by the patriarch, reanimated by the devil, and caufing great diftur bance among the people.

The word is Greek;, t3b*xo*x.x<x, fometimes alfo written $;xm\a.- x<&, broucolacos. It is fuppofed to have been formed from 0s*f©*, or 0Hf*«, mud, and hun-z-, ditch, on account of the fil- ^inefs of the fight.

The bodies of thofe who die under the cenfures of the church, according to the traditions of the Greeks, do not putrify or turn to duft in the grave, but grow harder, tumid, and ft iff; fo that when beaten they found like a drum. In this (late, the (lev 9 enters into them, and, carrying them out of their tombs, walks about in this guife through the city in the night-time, playing a thoufimd tricks with the poor people, knocking at doors, and calling them out by their name ; if they happen to anfwer, they certainly die the next day. All their fafcty con- fifts in keeping ftill and holding their tongues. Allot, de quo- rund. Gnec. Spin. 11. 12. Du Cangc, Gloff, Graec. T. 1.

P- 2I 7-

This, it is to be obferved, is one of the Handing miracles of the Greek church, to which they generally appeal as an abundant .proof of the divinity of their faith. Some Romifh controver- fifts have been terribly gravelled to account for the pofiibilityof miracles being wrought in afcbifmatical church : it is not quite fafe for them, abfolutely to deny the miracles of the boulcokca, as fictitious, fince many of their own, no lefs ridiculous, nor half fo ftrongly attefted, would be hereby endangered. Mem. deTrev. an. 1734- p. 407, feq.

BOULIMY, in medicine. See Bulimy.

■BOULINIS, or liouLiGNis, a copper coin ftruck at Bologna in Italy, equivalent to the baiocco. Savor. Diet. Coram. T. 1. 440. See Baiocco.

-BOULUKE, in the military orders of the Turks, a body of the janizaries, with an officer in the place of a colonel at their head, fent upon fome particular enterprize ; they are felected out of the body for this, and, as foon as the bufinefs is over, are re- ceived again into their former companies. Pocock's Egypt, p. 169.

BOUNCE, in ichthyology, a name given by the people of the weftern parts of England to a fpecies of the fqualus, diftin- o-uifhed bv Artedi by the name of the redifh variegated fqua- lus, with 'the pinna ani in the middle fpace between the anus and tail. This is the nib called fcymnos and fcylius by the old writers, and catulus major by the later writers. The Italians call it fcorzoue. See Catulus and Squalus.

BOUND, in dancing, a fpring from one foot to the other ; by which it differs from a hop, where the fpring is from one foot to the fame. It alfo differs from a half couple, as, in the lat- ter, the body always bears on the floor, either on one foot or the other ; whereas, in the bounds it is thrown quite from the floor. Weaver, Lea. on Dancing, p. 140.

BOUNTY, in commerce, denotes a premium paid by the go- vernment to the exporters of certain commodities, on their taking oath, or, in fome cafes, giving bond, not to reland the fame in England. See Exportation, Cycl. There are divers bounties fettled by act of parliament, as a bounty of one penny per ell on the exportation ofBritifh fail- ■cloth a ; and the like on fdk ribbands and fluffs, on filk {loc- kings, on fifh and flefh, on gold and filver lace of Britifh ma- nufacture b ; and on feveral fpecies of corn, when not ex- ceeding certain prices, at the port of exportation.— [ a Stat. 12 Ann. 16, §. 2. 5 Geo. I. c. 25. §. 2. b V. Crouch, View of Brit. Cult. T. f. p. SS, feq.]

Bueen Annes Bounty, for augmenting poor livings under 80 /. per annum, confifts of the produce of the nrfl-fruits and tenths, after the charges and pennons payable out of the fame are de- frayed. A corporation for management of the fame was fet- tled, &c, in 1704. New View of London, fee. 5. T. 2. p. 641, feq. BOURDIN, with the epithet grand, a name given by Bcllonius to a genus of univalve fhell fifh, commonly known among au- thors by the name of auris marina. See Auris Marina.

BOURDONNE', in heraldry, is underftood of a crofs, whofe extremities are turned round like the ends of a pilgrim's ftaff; more frequently called pommete, globatus. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. r. p. 1 169.

BOURGUIGNOTTE, a defenfive weapon wherewith to co- ver the head ; being a kind of cafic open before, and proof a- o-ainft either pike or mufket : its name arofe from the Bour-

guignons, who firft introduced it; Trev; D. Univ. T. 1. p. 1 176.

BOURIGNONISTS, a name given the followers of Antoi- nette Bourignon, who fet up a kind of Quietifm in the Low countries; pretending to be guided by immediate revelation, and contending much for toleration and indifferentifm in mat- ters of religion. V. Nouv. Rep. Lett. ann. 1685. Apr. p. 423, feq. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1 175. See Quietism, and Mystics, Cycl.

bOUSTROPHEDON, in literature, is ufed in fpeaking of the antient method of writing among the Greeks, wherein the lines were continued forwards and backwards, like the fur- rows in ploughing. V. Mqntfauc. Palatograph. Grsec. p. 554, Mem. Acad. Scienc. T. 3. p* 327. Fabric. Bibl. Grasc. 1. 1. c. 27. T. 1. p. 161.

The word is Greek, /Wppvj&v, compounded of #a?, bullock, and rppu, I turn.

Paufanias mentions feveral antient inferiptions written in this manner : the laws of Solon are alfo faid to have been thus written ; which, as the author laft cited explains it, is when the fecond line is turned on the contrary fide, beginning at the end of the former, thus :

EK AI02 AP

Potter, Archseol. Graec. 1. 1. c. 26. T. 1. p. 144.

BOUTADE, in mufic, an irregular flight or movement, with- out art or ftudy. Walih. Lex. Muf. p. no. The word was alfo formerly ufed for a folo on the viol di gam- ba, thus called as being fuppofed to be extemporary. Richclet fpeaks of a dance called boutade, invented by the fa- mous Bocan, in the reign of Lewis XIII. (o called from the brisk humorous manner of its beginning ; but now out of ufe.

BOUTAEL, in zoology, the name of an Eaft Indian fifh, of the lamprey kind, called alfo neegen oogen, and, by Mr. Ray, lampeira Indica. It grows to above a foot in length, and is fmooth and flippery to the touch, like the eel ; from which it differs, however, in the figure of its body. It is of a dufky brown colour, variegated on its back and fides with yellow fpots ; its belly-fins are purple, and its head is like that of a fnail, having horns of the fame kind with thofe of that in- fect:. It is caught in lakes, ponds, and other Handing waters, and is a very wholefome and well tailed fifh. Its general defcription feems to make it rather of the mujlela than the lampetra kind ; but if, as its name exprefles, it has fe- veral apertures for the gills, its Dutch name fignifying nine eyes, it is abfolutely a new genus of fifties. Ray's Ichthyogr. Append, p. 4.

BOUVIERA, in zoology, a name given by fome to a fmall broad and flat frefh-water fifh, called more ufually bubulca. IVillughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 267. See Bubulca.

BOW (Cycl.) — -The art of ufmg bows is called archery, and thofe practifed therein, archers, or bowmen. The two ends or extremities of a bow, to which the fixing is fattened, are called its horns, cornua. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1 • P* 5-3*. In voc. Arc,

The flrength of a boiv may be calculated on this principle, that the power whereby it reftores itfelf to its natural pofition, is always proportionate to the diftance or fpace it is removed therefrom. Hook. Lecl Cutl. de Pot. Reftit. p. 4, feq Chauv. Lex. Phil. p. 54 voc. Arcus. SeeSpRiNG. The moil- barbarous nations often excel in the fabric of the particular things which they have greatefl necefiity for in the common offices of life. The Laplanders, who fupport them- felves almoft entirely by hunting, have an art of making Bows, which we, in thefe improved parts of the world, have never arrived at.

Their bow is made of two pieces of tough and ftrong wood, fhaved down to the fame fize, and flatted on each fide ; the two flat fides of the pieces are brought clofcly and evenly together, and then joined by means of a glue made of the skins of pearch, which they have in great plenty, and of which they make a glue fuperior in flrength to any that we have. The two pieces, when once united in this manner, will never feparate, and the bow is of much more force to expel the ar- row, than it could poflibly have been under the fame dimenr fions, if made of only one piece. Scheffer, Hift. Lay on. Among the antients, the /-ozu-ftring, called rpxpms} was made of horfes hair, and hence alfo called lnwua\ though Homer's bow- firings are frequently made of hides cut into fmall thongs; whence to£« (2ch» The uppermoff part of the boiv to which the firing was faftened, was called nofwr,, being commonly made of gold, and the laft thing towards finifhing the bow 3 . The Grsecian bows were frequently beautified with gold or filver ; whence we have mention of aurei arcus ; and Apollo is called Aoyup>lo!t§K But the matter of which they were ordinarily compofed, fcems to have been wood ; though they were an- tiently, Scythian like, made of horn, as appears from that of Pandarus in Homer \— [ a Potter, Archseol. T. 2. c. 4. p. 43, b iliad, h v. 105. Pott. Ioc. cit. p 42.] There are two kinds of bows, different in ftruclure and man- ner of ufe, viz. 1 . The common or long bow among us, beft made of Spanifh or Englifh yew, fometimes of withen or elm, which Is inferior to the former \ the (haft is made of birch of

brazil,