Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/361

 Bof

B O U

p. 28. voc Bouteilk. Meurf, GlofT. p. it &b. Voc. (StrfiwA See' 'alfo $£/»». Etym. in voc]

We fay a glafs bottle, a ftone bottle, a leathern bottle, a wooden bottle, a fucking £cr//, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 4. fee. 3. p. 368.] The antient Tewifh bottles were cags made of goats or other wild hearts fkins, with the hair on the infide, well fewed and pitched together ; an aperture in one of the animal's paws ferving for the mouth of the veflel. Calm. Diet. Bibl. T. 1. p. 323.

Glafs bottles are better for cyder than thofc of ftone. Foul glafs bottles are cured by rolling (and or frnall (hot in them ; mufty bottles, by boiling them. Hought. Collect. T. 1. N? 55. p. 156, feq.

Bottles are chiefly made of thick coarfe glafs. Fine glafs bottles covered with ftraw or wicker, are cdled fajks or bettees.

The quality of the glafs has been fometimes found to affect the liquor in the bottle. There were two new manufactures of glafs bottles erected fome years ago in France ; all the bottles of which fpoiled the wine put in them ; fome in twenty-four hours, others much fooner. The proprietors fufpected witch- craft in the cafe, and had recourfe to the Academy. Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1704. p. 547. Hift. p. 57.

Bottle is alfo a meafure at Amfterdam, the (lime with the min- gle. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 457. See Mingle.

BoTTLE-A'o/i-, in zoology, a name by which the people in fome parts of England call the anas arilica Clufii. Vid. Ray's Ornithol. p. 244.

BOTTLING, or Botteling, the operation of putting up li- quors in bottles corked, to keep, ripen, and improve. The writers on good hufbandry give divers rules concerning; the bottling of beer, cyder, and the like. The virtues of Spaw, Pyrmont, Scarborough, and other waters, depend on their be- ing well bottled and corked, otherwife they loofe both their tafte and fmell. To preferve them, it is neceffary the bottles be filled up to the mouth, thnt all the air may be excluded, •which is the great enemy of bottled liquors 8. The cork is alfo further fecured by a cement. Some improve their bottled beer, by putting cryftals of tartar and wine, or malt fpirits ; in others, fugar boiled up with the effence of fome herb, and cloves, into each bottle b .— [ a Hojfm. Obferv. on Min. Wat. p. 22. b Diet Ruft. T. 1. in voc]

Cyder requires fpecial precautions in the bottling; being more apt to fly, and burft the bottle, than other liquors. The beft way to fecure them, is to have the liquor thoroughly fine be- fore it be bottled. For want of this, fome leave the bottles open a while, or open them after two or three days bottling, to give them vent. If one bottle break through fermentation, it is beft to give them all vent, and cork them up again. Mean cyder is apter to break the bottles than rich. Some foak the corks in fcalding water, to render them more pliant and fer- viceable.

Another obfervance is, to lay the bottles fo as that the liquor may always keep the cork wet and fwelled. Something alfo depends on the place where the bottles are fet, which ought to be fuch as expofes them as little as poffible to the alterations and impreflions oi the air : the ground is better for this pur- pofe than a frame, fand better than the bare ground, and a running water, or a fpring often changed, beft of all. To haften the ripening of bottled liquors, they are fometimes fet in a warm place, or even expofed to the fun, when a few days will bring them to maturity. Hought. Collect. T. r. N 9 56. p. 158. It. N 9 61. p. 165. Mortim. Art of Hum. T. 1. p. 349. For the bottling mineral water, fee Tuel'LAted Corks.

BOTTOM (Cycl.)— The loweft part of a thing, as contia- diftinguifhed from the top.

Hydroftatical writers fpeak of the preflure of fluids on the bot- toms of veffels a ; in which cafe, the law of gravitation is, that the altitude remaining the fame, the preflure will be as the bottom b. M. Leibnitz has afTerted, that a body in falling through a fluid, does not prefs on the bottom, that is, does not encreafe the preffure on it $ which is found to be falfe c. —, [ a V. Herman. Phoron. 1. 2. c 1. §. 249. p. 128. b Mem. Acad. Scienc. an. 1692. p. 16. c Phil. Tranfact, N° 351. p. 572, feq.]

When water boils, the bottom of the veflel is found confide- rably colder than it was fome time before boiling ; info much that the hand may bear it in the former cafe, not in the latter. Hift. Acad. Scienc. an. 1703. p. 29.

Bottom, in navigation, denotes the ground or furface of the earth under the water. Aubin. Diet. Mar. p. 422, feq. voc. Fond. 0%an. Diet. Math. p. 230.

They fay, a rockv, fandy, gravelly, clayey bottom ; a bottom with good hold, with a bad hold, &c.

The botiom of the fca, Rav obferves, is level, i.e. thedefcent from the ihore to the deep is equable and uniform a : but the bottoms of fome feas arc found higher than of others b. Count Marfigli has made divers enquiries into the ftructurc of the bot- tom of the fca, and its beds of fione, fait, bitumen, c5V. c — [« Ray, Wifd. of Creat. P. 1. p. 84, b Plott, Nat. Hift. Suppl. Vol. I,

1710.

Stafford, c. 2. §. 87. p. 82. c Hift. Acad. Scienc. an. 1 p. 3 1 .] See the article Se a. Over the natural bottom of the fca is formed an accidental hot- tarn, by the mixture of different matters, fand, fhells, mud, tsV. ftrongly compacted by the glutinous quality of the fea- waters, almoft to a degree of petrefaction. Thefe incrufta- tions being necefTarily formed in ftrata, there are fome places wherein the fifhermen can diftinguifh the annual augmenta- tions. Marfigli; in Hift. Acad. Scienc an, 1710. p. 32. Item, an. 17 12. p. 166.

Bottom of ajhip.— Merchant fliips are much broader bottomed than frigates j men of war are in a middle between the two *. Sir William Petty prefented the model of a double bottomed fhip b .— [ a Aubin. Diet. Mar. p. 423, f eq V oc. Fond. b Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 4. feet. z. p. 363.]

Bottom is alfo ufed to denote the whole fhip* or other vefTel. In this fenfe, we fay, Englifh bottoms, foreign bottoms. By the act of navigation, certain commodities imported in foreign bottoms, pay a duty called petty cuftom ; from which they are exempt, if imported in Englifh bottoms. Crouch, View of Brit. Cuft. T. i. p. 6.

Bottom is alfo ufed for what remains at the bottom of a veflel. In this fenfe, Paracelfus calls the fediment of urine, fundus urin#. Paracelf. de Urin. Judic. 1. 1. T. 1, c. 3. Cajt. Lex. Med. p. 35]. voc. Fundus.

OTTOM-Stone, a kind of iron-ftone, or ore, in the Staffbrd- (hire mines. Plott, Nat. Hift. Stafford, c 4. §. 16. p. 159.

BO F FOMRY (Cycl.) is the fame with what is otherwife call- ed hottomage; by the Dutch, bodmery j by the French, iomerie a ; bodinerie b, and groffe avantnre. Some alfo make it the fame with thefcenus nautkum of the antients c ; though others, not without reafon, make thefe to be different things d .— [ a Savor. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 401. b Ejufd. Suppl. p. 74. voc. Bo- dinerie. c Molloy, de Tun Marit. 1. 2. en. §. 9. p. 297, feq. d Treat, of Domin. and Laws of Sea, in Pfef. p. 3.]^ The rate or intereft of money, taken on bottomry, fellows that of infurance. In Q^ Anne's war, when infurance to the Eaft Indies and back was- 16 per cent, bottomry was 45 per cent. And in king William's war, when infurance to the fame place was 22 per cent, bottemrywas 55. Treat, of Domin. and Laws of Sea, App. p. ro, feq.

Bottomry, if confidered only as hiring money, would be illegal, and fall undercharge of ufury, on account of the exceflive in- tereft : but it is not a mere hiring of money, Jince the lender likewife ftands to the hazard of the voyage. The money here advanced is called pecunia trajeclitia, as being carried on the lender's hazard, or adventure, beyond the feas ; fo that if the /hip be loft, the lender Jofes all ; whereas, when money is lent at intereft, it is delivered at the peril of the borrower. And the profit here, is merely the price of the loan ; but the profit of the other is a reward for the danger and adventure of the fca, which the lender takes on himlelf, and makes the in- tereft lawful. Id. ibid. p. zc6, feq. Lex Merc, c 1. p. 37.

Bill of Bottomry is a contract between two perfons, the one borrowing, and the other lending a fum of money, by which the borrower fetting forth his intention to make a voy- age in a certain {hip therein named, acknowledges the receipt of a certain fum of money from the lender, on this condition, that if the fhip does happily perform her voyage, without any difafter by enemies or otherwife, then he is to reftore that fum to the lender, with an additional fum, therein exprefied for the intereft, within a certain time after his return ; but that if the fhip be loft, or taken by enemies or pirates, then the perfon of the borrower to be for ever difcharged, and the len- der to bear the lofs. Treat, of Domin. and Laws of Sea, p. 617. Item, p. 580, feq ;

BOVATA Terra:, in antient law-writers, fignifies an oxrate of land, or fo much as may be ploughed in a year with one ox • by fome reckoned at fifteen acres a, by others at eighteen b by others at twenty c , and by others at thirteen or twenty fil- ings yearly rent d. — [ a Dugd. Monaft. T. 3. p. 91. b £>n Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 597, feq. c Dugd. Monaft. T. 1. p. 657. Du Cange, loc cit. A Sken. de Verb. Signif. p, 24. J This is otherwife called levaius, and bovariaia terra;. Spelm GlofT p. 87.

BOUCHE of Court (Cycl.) was properly an allowance of diet, or belly-provifion, from the king, orfuperior lord, to their knights, efquires, and other retinue, who attended them in any mili- tary expedition. Kenn. Gloff. ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc.

Thomas earl of Lancafter retained Sir John de Ewre, to ferve him with ten men at arms in time of war, allowing them bowge of court, with livery of hay and oats, horfe-fhoes and nails. Sir Hugh Merrill had the fame privilege for life, on condition of ferving king Edward II. Idem ibid. p. 378.

BOUGE-ittfzv/, in zoology, the name of a fifh of the boops kind, caught in the Mediterranean, and brought to fome of the Italian markets. Its nofe is long and pointed ; its back is of a redifh blue, its tail red, and its belly of a fine filvery white. Its whole body is fhorter and broader than the common kind of boops. Willughby, Hift. Pifc. p. 317. See Boops.

BOUGH, in antiquity.— Green boughs made part of the deco- ration of altars and temples, efpecially on feftival occafions. 5 I Oaken