Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/351

 BON

found .in a beam of a houfe .; the timber of which was fo tough, that a piercer would fcarce make its way into it. The hole was juit large enough for the body of the bee. This hole went perpendicularly two inches into the wood, and then turned -horizontally, and was of a capacity to hold feveral of thefe creatures. There were only three found in it ; but others were about the entrance, and many more might have lived com- fortably in it.

BOMBYX, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome authors to a fpecies of winged infect, endowed with a fling in the manner of the bees and wafps. It is of the fhape of a wafp, but all over black in colour ; it flings very feverely, always leaving the fling in the wound. It builds its neff. of clay, which it works up to a very hard confidence, and finally fattens to a Hone.

Bombyx is alfo a name given to the ftlk-wor?n. See the ar- ticle Silk-worm.

Eombvx, gap£v$, in the antient mufick, a kind of inftrument, which, in Ariftotlc's time, was made of a reed, calamus ; and, by reafon of its length, was difficult to play on. V. B art hoi. deTibiis Veterum, c. 4. p. 27,

The word feems alfo to have been ufed for a contrivance of horn, for fhutting and opening the holes of wind infiruments. Male. Treat, of Muf. c. 14. §.2. p. 470.

Bomsyx, in the antient naturalifts, fignines indifferently either filk or cotton. Pl'm. Hift. Nat. 1. 19. c. 1. Mem. Acad. In- fcript. T. 7. p. 33g.

According to Montfaucon, bembyx, in Pliny and the antients, denoted only filk ; it being not till the middle age that the word find came to fignify gojfipium, or cotton. Montfauc. Pa- heog. Gr?ec. 1. I. c. 2. p. 17. Vojfi. Etym. p. 75.

EOMONICA, in antiquity, an appellation given, at Sparta, to the children, who, in the facrifices of Diana, ftrove who mould receive the greateft number of flripes with rods, which they fometimes continued to do the whole day, and even, as Plu- tarch relates, to death itfelf. V. Mcurfi. Grxc. Ferial. 1. 2,' Trev. D. Univ. T. 1. p. 1 104.

The word is formed from #«fwf, altar, and nxr, victory ; im- porting as much as vitlor ad aras, or conqueror at the altars.

BON, or BAN, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the tree, the kernel of whofe fruit is the coffee. The fruit is, by the fame authors, called buna. Park. Theat. 1622.

BONA fides, or Bqna-$& s is ufed in fpeaking of things done with an honeft intention, in oppofition to thofe done with a defign of fraud and deceit, faid to be mala fide. Stat. 13. E- liz. c. 5. 12 Car. II. c. 18. Jac. LawDidt. in voc. In this fenfe, we fay, a grant, a conveyance, bona fide. Wood, Infi. Engl. Law, 1. 2. c. 3. p. 22r.

In many cafes, in the civil law, the bona fide of an action ex- cufes the want of fome of the cuftomary forms. Brijf. de Verb. Signif. p. 83, Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 119. Contracts bona fidei, among civilians, ftand contradiftinguifh- ed from ihoCcJlricli juris ; the former being gained by plain honefty and confidence, which fometimes includes feveral things not exprefsly mentioned ; whereas the latter are reftrained to the exprefs terms of the deed. Wood, 1. 3. c. 1. p. 207. A buyer bmafidd^ is he who really believed the thing to be- long to the feller at the time when he purchafed it. A pofleflbr bones fidei, he who is in pofleffion of a thing be- longing to another, but which he truly believes is his own. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 121.

To be entitled to the benefits of next accefTion, It is requifite the perfons have poffefled the thing bona fide, or really thought themfelves the proprietors. Wood, Inft. Imper. Law, 1, 2. c. 3. p. 161.

Prefcription cannot arife from acts done mala fide ; fince what was unjuft in its origin, can never be made juft by time and continuance. Id. ibid. I. 1. c. r. p. 105. Item, 1. 2. c. 4. p. 164. See Prescription, Cyel.

Jfiions BoN-ffi fidei, thofe wherein, for further light, the judge might take cognizance of things not mentioned between the parlies. Cah. ubi fupr. p. 120. Brij]'. loc. tit.

'Judgment Bona fide, that wherein the parties are obliged to pay each other what is due bona fide, i. e. juftly and equitably ; and the judge has a power of eflimating what is thus due to the actor or plaintiff; a power given him by the formula of the Pnetor, viz. Ex fide bona, vel quantum csquius melius.

Bona gratia, a phrafe antiently ufed in fpeaking of divorces, which were brought amicably about for fome jult reafon, with the confent of both parties, and without any crime on the part of either, as in cafe of old age, difcafe, barrennefs, mona- chifm, captivity, or the like. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 1 20. Du Cange Gloil". Lat. T. 1. p. 582.

BQNASUS, in natural hiltory, the name of a fpecies of wild- ox, of the fize of the tame kind common with us, but of a thicker body, and having on its neck a mane like that of a horfe, and horns very fhort and crooked, fo as to be of no life to him in fighting.

When he is urged, lie is able to throw out his dung a great way,, and it is then of a hot and corrofive nature, though not £0 at other times ; and this is his method of defending himfelf : a thing hardly credible, as Mr. Ray juftly obferves, if we had not inlfances of other animals, which are capable of the like things. Ray's Synop. Quad. p. 71. See the article Elapho-

CA-YIELUS, 3

BON

BOND, (Cjd) in mafonry and bricklaying, is when bricks or itones are, as it were, knit and interwoven j that is, the joints are not made over, or upon other joints; but reach at leaft fix inches, both within the wall and on the furface, as the art of building requires. Davit. Explic. Term. Architea. p. 662. voc. Liaijon. Neve, Build. D. in voc. See Masonry, CycL Among carpenters, when they fay, make good bond, they mean, fallen the two or more pieces of timber well together, either with tenanting, mortifmg, dove-tailing, fcf>, BONDMAN, Bondus, in the Engliih law, is ufed for a villain, or tenant m villenage. Du Cange, Glofli Lat. T. 1. p. 582. voc. Bondus. See Villain and Villenage, Cyel. 1 he Romans had two kinds of bondmen ; one calledyW, who were thofe cither bought for money, taken in war, left by fuc- ceffion,_ or purchafed by fome other lawful acquifition ; orelfe born of their bondwomen, and called verms. Both are called in our law villains in grofis, as being immediately bound to the perfon and his heirs. We may add a third kind of bondmen mentioned by Juftiuian, called adfieriptihi glebec, or agricenfiti ; who were not bound to the perfon, but to the ground or place, and followed him who had the land. Thefe, in our law, arc called villains regardants, as belonging to the manor or place. Smith, de Republ. Anglor. 1. 9. c. 10.

In the Englifti as well as Scottifh laws, thofe called by the Ro- mans vernee, are fometimes alfo denominated naiivi, as being born on the land. Sken. de Verb. Signif. p. 22. voc. Bonda- gium. Spehn. GlofL" voc. Nat'ivus, p. 426. The word is formed from the Saxon bond, fignifying a fetter. BONDAGE properly denotes a ftate of fcrvitude or flavery. Bondage, Bondagium, in Englifh law writers, the fame with villenage. Du Gang. GIofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 582, feq. See Vil- lenage, Cyel.

Tenants in bondage paid heriots, and did fealty j they were not to fell trees in their own garden, without licence of the lord a. The widow of a tenant in bondage held her hufband's eftate, quamdiu vixerit fine marito b. — [* V. Kenn. Paroch. Antiq. r; 456' b Id. ibid. p. 458. It. in Gloff. ad voc] Bondage by the forelock, or Bondagium per anteriores crines capi- tis, was when a freeman renounced his liberty, and became flave to fome great man ; which was done by the ceremony of cutting off a lock of hair on the forehead, and delivering it to his lord ; denoting, that he was to be maintained by him for the future.

Such a bondman, if he reclaimed his liberty, or were fugitive from his matter, might be drawn again to his fervitudc by the nofe ; whence the origin of the popular menace, to pull a man by the nofe. Sken. de Verb. Signif. p. 22. BONDUC, in botany, the name given by Plumicr to a genus of plants, afterwards characterized by Linmeus under the name of guilandina. See Guilandina. BONDUCH, in the materia medica, a name by which many authors have called the Molucca, Marfao, or Bezoar nuts. Dale, Pharm. p. 336. BONE (Cyel.) — The origin and formation of bones is generally traced from cartilages, which all bones are fuppofed once to have been a ; or, according to others, membranous tendons b. Some deduce thefe further from gellies c ; and others from mere fluids d ; which fuccefllvely ariving at greater and greater confiftency, become firft gelatinous, then tendinpus, then car- tilaginous, and Lftly bony. — [* Mmro, Ofteol. p. 34, feq. Vefiing. Synt. Anat. c. 8. p. 124, feq. Phil. Tranf.'N" 54. p. 1096. Item, N° 71. p. 2136. Item, N° 8r. p. 4.023. b Cafip. Barih. Speclm. Hift. Anat. ap. Chauv. Lex. Phil. p. 464. voc. Os. c Monro, loc. cit. d Chauv. 1. c. p. 14. 1 Hence the different ftates of the bones in different ages, fexes, and tire like ; which, in children, are found foft, moift, and cartilaginous ; in aged people, hard, dry, and inflexible ; the very cartilages in thefe frequently becoming bony. Blaf. Coram, ad Veiling, c, 2. p. 14.

Dr. Nifbet, in his human ofteology, undertakes to demon- ftratc, that the notion of all, or any bones, being originally cartilaginous, is without foundation in nature. Some confider the membrane wherewith the bones are lined, as a kind of periojleum internum, if the exprefiion may be allow- ed ; which, according to Havers, takes its origin from 1 the mufcular coat of the medullary artery. Be this as it will, it is contiguous with the whole internal furface of the bones, and enters the tranfVcrfe pores, as the external periofteum does the finuofities of the bones ; though it does not adhere fo clofe thereto as the external does. Monro, lib. cit. p. 19. The bones are ufually capped at the ends with cartilages, and to them are alfo annexed ligaments. See Cartilage and Ligament, Cyel. and Suppl.

The doctrine of the bones makes a particular branch of ana- tomy, under the denomination of ojhology, or oncography. See Osteology, Cyel. and Suppl.

The formation or genefis of the bones is called ofiification, or ojleogony. See Ossification, Cyel, and Suppl. A fyttem of the feveral bones of a body, dried, whitened, and joined together in their natural order by art, is called 3 skeleton. See Skeleton, Cyel. and Suppl.

Animals without bones, are faid to be anojlei \ fuch are all the fpecies of reptiles, infects, &V,

Bartholin