Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/348

 BOL

B O L

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s Id.

BOLE, (Cycl) in natural hiftory, a kind of earth constituting a diftinct genus of foflils, and containing many different Species, ufed principally in medicine. The characters of this genus are, that the earths of it are moderately coherent, ponderous, SoSt, not ftiff or vifcid, but in fome degree ductile, while moift; compofedof fine particles, fmooth to the touch, eafdy breaking between the fingers, readily diffufible in water, and freely and eafily fubfiding from it. Bill's Hift. of Foff. p. 1. Boles are alfo called bolar earth?, terrts bole/res a ; fometimes fimply lo'aria b. The word is formed from the Greek i<W<i<, gleba, on account of the form wherein thefe earths are ufually brought to us, which is that of glebes, or Small clods =. — [» Vat. Phvf. Expcr. P. 2. §. ;. c. 3. p. 4.10. b JV<?M.Fund. Med. P. 3. p. 469. ' llffalt. Not. ad Mcrcat. Metalloth.

p 12. VsJl'.'Eiym. p. 74.]

Bo'cs bear a near affinity to marles, with which fome will have them to be the fame. Stab!. Phil. Elem. Chem. P. 1. §. 4. p. 7;. See Marie, Cycl. and Suppl.

-Dr. Grew nukes them the firft matter of ftone, metals, and divers falts, into which they are formed by concentration. Grew, Difc. of Mixt. Left. z. c. 2. §. 2. There are divers kinds of boles ufed in medicine, chemistry, painting,' and other arts : fuch are the Samian bale ; the Lem- nian bole, both red and white; the Armenian bole ; the Hun- garian or Toccavian bo'e ; to which may be added others of lei's note found in Bohemia, England, Italy, New England, and other places. ll-'oorlw. Medu of Foflil. cl. 2. p. 2. Ejufd. Nat. Hift. Engl. Fofli T. 2. p. 2. It. T. P. 63. It. Catal. For. Kofi' p. 1. Caft. Lex. Med p. 103. The chief medicinal ufes of boles are as aftingents to flop bleed- ings d. They are generally hurtful in fevers c, cfpccially epi- demical ones f, and externally in the haemorrhoids 8, fie, — [ '' Gri-w, Muf Reg. Socict. P. 3. §. 3. c 3. p. 347. Plott, Nat. Hift. Staff, c. 2. §. Z9. Taunt'. Voyag. lett. 1 7, • Natt. Fund. Med. P. '3. p. 469. < Id. ibid. S40. ibid. P. 2. p 160.] '1 heir chemical ufes are for making crucibles, retorts, and other veSSels, and for fixing oils and Sulphurs ; with which view they are ufed in the diftillation of nitre, wax, turpentine, &c. to prevent their fufing and boiling over. Lancif. ap. Mercat. Metalloth. p. 37. Stahl. loc. cit. See Bolus.

BOLENI/E, orBoLJE, in natural hiftory, a name given by an- tient writers to a fort of ftones of a roundifh figure, and m, rked with feveral ridges and lines. They are fuppofed to be the fame with thofe called brontia and ombriec, both being imagined to fall from the clouds in time of thunder ftorms ; but they are really no other than a common fpecics of echi- nitre. See BuoNTI^Eand Echinitje.

BOLETO Lichen, a name given by Mr. Juflieu to a plant, which partakes of the nature of the morcille and of the liver- wort, and which he has accurately defcribed in the memoirs of the academy of fciences at Paris. Its rootconfifts of a num- ber of flatted fibres, of the colour of the earth in which they grow, and not eafily diftinguifhed from it : its Stalk is of a columnar fllape, and is buried about an inch deep in the earth, and Hands about four inches above it : it is largeft at the root, and gradually tapers to the top, and is marked with irregular longitudinal furrows, divided by flat ridges : it is full of many irregular cavities alfo within, and is thence very brittle and very light : the moft eminent of the ridges, when they are ar- rived at the top of the ftalk, become expanded into a fort of head, which is wrinkled and thin, and is of a flcfh-colour on the upper fide, and yellowifli underneath. This much refem- bles the common lichen ; and the pores of the ftalk as much refcmble tire mc reille ; whence its name. The whole plant has the find] of the common mufhroom, and when young, has a vifcous liquid contained under the foldings -of its head, which finally, when the plant is arrived at matu- rity, dries into the form of an extremely fubtlc yellow powder, which is the feed. Mem. Acad. Par. 1728. See Lichen.

BOLETUS, in botany, a word ufed by Linnaeus to exprefs a genus of fungufes, ufually comprehended by authors under the name of agarics, though very different from them. The aga- rics and boleti are both horizontal mufhrooms ; that is, they have no pedicle, but grow to trees, Ue. by their fide ; but the firft are lamellated underneath, in the manner of the common mufhrooms. The boleti are all porous underneath. See the article Agaric.

The fpecies of boletus, enumerated by Mr. Tourncfort, are thefe :

1. The rough, dufky-white, efculent boletus, called the morel.

2. The yellowifli, rugofe, efculent boletus. 3. The large orbicular, efculent, rugofe boletus. 4. The conic efculent bole- tus. ;. The purple cancellated boletus. 6. The yellowifli cancellated boletus. 7. The ftinking phalloide boletus. Town. Iuft. p. 561.

The boletus is a kind of wood-mufliroom, almoft round, of a white colour, fpottcd with yellow and brown marks ; by fome naturalists called fungus nemtrum. Voff. Etym. p. 74. f'''fi- ^. Ant - T. r. p. 285. Bradl. Dift. Bot. in voc. 1 lie boletus is the moft exquifite of all the fungus-kind. Fab. L hef T. 1. p. 361. Pitifc. loc. cit.

The Roman epicures had it particularly in delight. Nero ufed to call it the food of the gods, cikts deorum \ The emperor

Claudius is faid to have been poifoned with a medicated boletus, given him by his wife b. — [ J Suet, in Ner. c. 33. b Id.

in Claud, c. 44. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 22. c. 22.] BOLINTHOS, in natural hiftory, a name given by Ariftotle, and fome of the other antient Greeks, to the monops of ^lian, that is, the bonafus. See Bonasus. BOLLITO, in the glafl-works, the calcined materials for "daff- making ; the fait and tarfo burnt together, and prepared for running into glafs. This is commonly called frit. Ncri, Art of Glafs, p. 7. BOLLOS, in the mines of Peru, a denomination given to the ingots or bars of filver procured there from the ore by the ope- ration of the fire, and ufe of aqua fortis. Savar. Diet. Com. T. I. p. 400. BOLOGNA bottles. Sec Unann f ai. ed bottles. BOLONIAN/ronf. Sec Lapis Bor.onienfts. BOLSTER, among furgeons, a foft yielding fubflance, either

laid under the head, or a broken limb. Bolster is alfo ufed for a ftufKng, intended to fill out or raife a flat, finking, or hollow part.

In which (enk, boljlers are contrived for crooked, bunched, and otherwife diftorted backs, fhoulders, &c. Byaconftitutionmade under archbiihop Burchicr, the clergy arc forbidden to wear boljlers about their fhoulders, in their gowns, coats, or doublets. The occafion of the prohibition is vari- oufly conftrued : fome fay, that boljlers came in fafliion in the reign of king Richard III. who being neceflitated, by his na- tural deformity, to pad, the courtiers, and even the clergy, did the fame, out of complaifance to their prince ; fo that every body, who had the misfortune to be horn ftrcight, was obligee, to wear a lol/lcr on his fhoulders to be in the fafliion. Vld. fohnf. Ecclef. Law, an. 1464. §. 2.

But though it is probably true this practice prevailed in Ri- chard the third's ufurpation, the conititution above-cited was made twenty years before that prince took poflcftion of the throne j fo that it cannot be faid to have begun in his rei^n, though it might have been continued in complaifance to him. Bolsters of a fachlle, in the manege, thofe parts which are raifed on the bows, both before and behind, to reft the rider's thighs, and keep him in a pofture of withftanding the difor- ders which the horfe may occafion.

Common faddles have no boljlers behind, or even before. Guill. Gent. Diet, in voc. BOLT, (Cycl ) in building, an iron fattening for a door, moved with the hand, and catching in a flaple or notch made to re- ceive it. Davil. Explic. Term. Archit p. 907. voc. verrouiL Fe'.ib. Princ. Archit. 1. 1. c. 20. p. 168. Item, p. 535. voc. vcrrouil. Neve, Build. Diet in voc. Bolt of a lock is the piece of iron, which entering the ftaple, faftens the door; being the part which is moved backwards and forwards by turning the key. Felib. Princ. Archit. p. 481. in voc. pene. See LcCK and Key, Cycl. Of thefe there are two forts ; one flints of itfelf by only putting to the door, and is called nff ring-bolt ; the other, which only moves when the key opens or ftiuts it, is called a dormant bolt. Moxon, Mech. Exer. p. 23. Bolt is alfo ufed for a large iron pin, having a round head at one end, and at the other a key-hole or flit, wherein to put a pin or fattening, Serving to make faft the bar of a door, win- dow-Shutter, or the like. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 440. voc. boulon. Neve, Build. Diet, in voc. This is more particularly called a round boll, or windoiv-bolt. Bolts, in gunnery, are of feveral Sorts ; thoSc which go betwixt the cheeks of a carriage to Strengthen the tranSoms, are called tranfom-bolts. The large iron bolts or knobs on the checks of a carriage, which keep the handfpike from Aiding when it is poifing up the breech of the piece. 'I he two Short bolts, that being put one in each end of an Englifh mortar-carriage, Serve to traverSe her, are called traverjc bolts. The fo/rr*that go through the cheeks of a mortar, and, by the help of quoins, keep her fixed at the elevation given her, are called bracket bolts. And the four bolts that faften the brackets or cheeks of a mortar to the bed, are called bed bolts. Mosr, Artill. P. 3. c. r. p. 4,-. Guill. Gent. Diet, in voc. Bolts, in carpentry, denote pieces of wood cleft with wedges,

in order to be Split into laths. Neve, Build. Diet, in voc. Bolt is alSo uSed Sor a meaSure or certain quantity of canvas,

amounting to twenty-eight ells. Rujh Diet, in voc. Bolt oS Silk or ftuff denotes a long narrow piece, of indefinite

meafure. Kenn. Gloff ad Paroch. Antiq in voc. bulter-eloth. Peafe Bolt, in Eflex, denotes the peaSc-ftraw, when the grain

is thrafhed out of it. Id. ibid. BOLTED /mi-, that which has paffed through the bolter. See

the article Bolters. BOLTEL, in building, any prominence or jutting out, as of a piece of timber, end of a beam, or the Tike, advancing be- yond the naked of the wall. Vid. Kcim. Gloff. ad Paroch. Antiq in voc. bulter. BOLTERS, or Boulters, a kind of Sieves for meal, having the bottoms made oS woollen, hair, or even wire. Heurht Collefl. T. I. N° 89. p. 238. S

The word Seems derived from the German beutel, a Sieve : whence alSo beuielen, to bolt. Kenn. Glofli ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. bulter.

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