Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/347

 BOI

lay another firatum of thorn -bufhes, and then place a quantity of ftraw, to keep the dirt from falling in, and filling them up. By this means the trench will be kept open, which otherwife will naturally fwell, and fill up of itfelf. Ploit, Nat. 'Hift. Oxfordfh. p 254.

Bog moving, or migrating. See Migrating bog.

V-OG-zvobd. See 'Woonjubterraneous.

BOGA, in zoology, a name given by many to a fifli caught in the Mediterranean, and fold at market at Naples and Meflina, called among authors hops. It is a fpecies of thefparus. See Boors and Sparus.

BOHEMIAN Brothers, /retires Bohani or Bohemia, is an appel- lation antiently given to the proteftants of Bohemia, Laficjus has a treatiieafe gejl'n fratrum Bohermcorum. Camera litis has alfo given the hiftory of the Bohemian brothers. Trev. Dicl. T. 1. p. 1086.

Haerefiographers derive a large train of feds from the Bohe mians, as the Huflitcs, Adamites, Taborites, Calixtins, &c. Prataol. Elench. Hseref. p. igz, feq. See alfo Bibl. Germ. T. 27. p. 2.

BOHEMICA Bolus, Bohemian bole. See Bolus Bohemica.

BO J A, in antiquity, a collar or chain fattened about the necks of criminals, to prevent their cfcape. Fitifc. Lex. Antiq. T. 1. p. 284. Meurf. Gloff. Barb. p. n 1. Vojf. Etyrn. p. 73. The word is alfo written bega, bsdia, and bam, Bu Cause, GioiT Eat T. 1. p. 577.

BOIClNINGA, in zoology, a name by which the Brafilians call the rattlefnake. See Rattlesnake.

BOIGUACU, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of ferpent, called alfo iiboia, and by the Portuguefe cobra de vcado. This is the largeft of all ferpents, growing to twenty-four feet long, and preying on large animals. Maregrave declares, that he few one which had (wallowed a goat whole. It is very thick in the middle of the body, and Imaller both at the head and tail. It is of a very beautifully variegated colour. All down the middle of the back there runs a chain of black fpots, a hand's breadth diftant from one another, each having a fpot of white in its middle ; and below thefe there are two other rows of frnaller black fpots towjrds the belly. It has in each jaw two rows of very fbarp teeth, white as pearl. Its head is very broad, and, over the eyes, rifes into two protuberances; and in fome of this fpecies there are two claws, like thofe of birds, behind the anus, towards the tail. This is a very terrible creature, and will felze on a man, and either lies in amhufh in thickets, or on the branches of laro-e trees, from which it throws itfelf on its prey. It has no venom in its bite ; and its flcih is eaten, and efteemed a great delicacy. Ray, Syn. Anim. p. 325.

This ferpent is common in the Brafils. Authors give furpri- fing accounts of its fize : Boritius preferved the flan of one which himfelf had killed, which was twelve yards long; and relates, that there was once a ferpent of this kind killed in Java, which was thirteen yards and a half long, and had when killed, a boar in its belly. And De Laet relates, that in the Rio de la Plata, there are fome of them fo large, that they will fwallow a ftag whole, horns and all. The natives and the Hollanders make them a part of their food. Grew. Muf. Reg. Societ. p. 50.

BOIL, in medicine. See Furuncle.

Gum Boils. Seethe articleGuiw.

BOILED or Boiled Silks, thofe which have been put, while in the balls, into hot water, to make them wind or reele the better. Savar. Dicl:. Comm. T. 1. p. 1635. inxoc.cuit. It. T. 2. p. 1584. in voc.foye. In which fenfe, boiled ftik itands oppofed to raw.

BOILER, or Boyler, a large copper veffel, wherein things are cxpofed over the fire to be boiled. Dicl:. Ruft. in voc. See the article Boiling.

The boyler in the alum-works is a veffel, in which the liquor is evaporated to a confidence, and is made of lead. The ge- neral fize is about eight feet fquare, and they contain about twelve tuns each.

They make them in this manner: firft they lay long pieces of call- iron, twelve inches fquare, as long as the breadth of the boyler, and at about twelve inches diftance from one another. Thcfe are placed twenty-four inches above the furface of the fire. On thefe maffy bars of iron they lay, crofs-wife, the common flat bars of iron, as clofe as they can lie together, and then make up the fides with brick-work. In the middle of the bottom of this boyler is laid a trough of lead, wherein they put at firft about a hundred pound weight of the rock. They ufe Newcaftle coals in the boiling ; and if they find the liquor not ftrong enough, they add more of the rock at times, as it boils. Phil. Tranf. N° 142.

BOILERY, or Boilary, in the falt-works, denotes a falt- houfe, pit, or other place where fait is made. Vid. Collins, Difc. of Salt and Fifh. p. 32, See Salt.

BOILING (CjcL) — We generally annex the idea of a certain very great degree of heat to the boiling of liquids ; but this di not fcem to be a connection of nature's making, but of our own. It is reported by many, that a vcflel of tar being fet over the fire till it boils, a perfon may, while it is boiling, put his hand into it without any injury; and that the artificers

B O I

who life and prepare this commodity, know this property of it 10 well, that they ufually take off the fkum from their pots of it, while foiling, with no other inftrument than their naked hands.

Water, in the receiver of an air-pump, when exhaufted, will boil without any great heat. The receiver fhould, for this ex- periment, he one part full of water, and three empty : in this cafe, the flame of a candle being placed under the veffel, the water will bail violently, while the giafs itfelf is fcarce warm; and when the water has been thus kept lolling a quarter of an hour, the glafs will fcarce be any thing the hotter for it. When the candle is taken away, the water will ftill continue a great while boiling, and when it ceafes firft, will renew itfelf again from time to time to a very great ebullition. All the bubbles that rife out of the water on this occafion, do not raife the mercury in a gage to any fenfible height. Spirit of wine, in the fame manner, toils much fooner in va- cuo than the water, and in this ftate will raife the mercury in the gage to an inch higher than its former ftandard. If the receiver containing it in this kifing ftate, be plunged into cold water, the liquor, inftead of becoming calm, boils more ftrongly than before. It might be fuppofed, that this pheno- menon was owing to a periftafis ; but we have more ground to fay it came from hence, that the vapours of the fpirit were more condenfed, and fo made the receiver more empt. , which is fufficient to make the fpirit of wine boil, tho' it were not hot, as liquors ufually do when put into the engine, *nd the air exhaufted. In all thefe, and many other cafes, boiling is in- duced without that heat, which is fuppofed a necefl'ary con- comitant of it. Phil. Tranf N" 122. Alabafter, in boiling, will fwell a fixth or eighth part above the top of the pot. Hook, Microgr. p. 41.

Different fluids require different degrees of heat to make them boil. Dr. Friend gives a table of the different times required to make feveral fluids boil by the fame heat. Vid. Friend, Chem. Left. p. 152.

Water, when once brought to boil, is not fufceptible of any further degree of heat, however the lire be increafed. Hift. Acad. Scienc. ar.n. 1703. p. 31. See Water and Heat.

Boiling, in trade and manufactures, is a preparation given to divers forts of bodies, by making them pafs over the fire, chiefly in water, or other liquors.

In this fenfe, we fpeak of the boiling of fait " ; boiling of fugar b, alum ', copperas d , and the like.— [ ' Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 53- P' I°6-|. Ray, Collea. loc. Word. p. 142. Coll. Salt andhifh. p. 32. " Uougbt.Co\ka.T. 2. p. 314. « Phil. Tranf. N° 138. p. 1055. ■> Id. ibid. p. 1058.]

Eoiling offdh withfoap is the firft preparation in order to dying it. rhread is alfo boiled in a ftrong lixivium of afhes, to pre- pare it for dying. Savar. Difl. Comm. T. 1. p. 1634. in voc. cuire. See Dying, CSV.

Boilinc, in the culinary art, is 'a method of drefling meats by coflion in hot water, intended to foften them, and difpofe them for eaficr digeftion. Drake, Anthrop. 1. i.e. 13. p. 79, feq. See Digestion, cifr.

The eft'efts of boiling are different, according to the kinds ar.d qualities of the water. Puis boiled in fea-water grow harder; mutton boiled in the fame becomes fofter and tenderer than in frefh-water; hut taftcs faltifh and bitter. Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1710. p. 36.

Eoiling to death, cahlariis decoquere, in the middle age, a kind of punifhment inflicted on falfe coiners, thieves, and fome other criminals. Vid. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 6S2. in voc. caldariis.

Boiling is alfo a method of trying or effayine the goodnefs or falfenefs of a colour or a dye, by boiling the ftuffin water with certain drugs, different according to the kind or quality of the colour, to try whether or no it will difcharge, and give a tinc- ture to the water. Savar. Dift. Comm. T. 1. p. 1655, feq. in voc debouille.

With this intention, red crimfon filks are boiled wifh alum, and fcarlets with foap, in quantity equal to the weight of the ink.

Boiling well, in natural hiftory. See SrRlNG.

BOIOBI, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of ferpent found in America, and called by the Portuguefe edra de verd. It is about an ell in length, and of the thicknefs of a man's thumb, and is all over of a very beautiful and fhining green. Its mouth is very large, and its tongue black. It loves to be about houfes, and never injures any creature unlefs provoked or hurt ; but it will then bite, and its poifon is very fatal. The natives take as a remedy againft its poifon the root cr.a apia bruifed, and taken in water. Rely, Syn. Anim. p. 328. See Caa apia.

BIOQUIRA, in zoology, a name by which the natives of fome parts of America call the rattlefnake. Ray, Syn. Anim. p. 2Q1. See Rattlesnake.

BOITJAPO, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of ferpent found in America, and called by the Portuguefe there cobra de cipo. It grows to feven or eight feet long, and to about the thicknefs of a man's arm, and is very fmall and taper towards the tail. Its back is of an olive colour, its belly yellow, and covered with very regular and elegant triangular fcales. It feeds on frogs, He. and is a very poifonous and fatal kind. Ray's Syn. Anim. p. 327.

BOLE