Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/346

 BOD

Rough Body, corpus afterum, that whofe furface is befet alter- nately with eminences and cavities, in cor.trauiftinction from a fmontii body, Wolf. Flem. Mechan. §. 646.

. ..../.'/* Bodies, thofe which being ftretched, do not break, but extend one way as much as they fbrink another. Of thefe fome are hard and malleable, as metals ; others foft or vifcid, as glues, gums, &V. Mem Acad. Scienc. ann. 1713-9- 2 °8.

Flexible Bodies, thofe which admit of being bent without break- ing : fuch are thread, wire, fibres, and even glafs, when fpun very fine. Thefe are contradiltinguifhed from brittle bodies, Vid. Teichmy. Inft. Phil. Nat. P. 1. c. 14. p. 80. Qu'mc Pharm. §. 1 . p. 6, feq.

Specific gravity of Bodies. See Gravity, Cyd.

Dsnje Body. See Density, Cyd.

Rare Body. See Rare, C-ycL

Luminous or lucid Bodv, that which emits its own rays, or fhines by its own light Wolf. Elem. Opt. §. q.

Illuminated Bon y, that which diffufes the light of another by re- flexion, or which mines by borrowed light. Id. ibid. §. 10.

Opake Body, that which intercepts the rays of light, or prevents their paffage through it. Id. ibid. §. 12.

Tranfparent, diaphanous, or pellucid Body, that which tranfmits the rays of light. Id. ibid. §. 12. See the article Tr ans-

PARFNCY, Cyd.

Human Body — The height of the human body is faid to be different in different parts of the day ; ordinarily it is an inch more in the morning than at night a. The body ceafes to grow in height, when the bones are arrived at a degree of firmnefs and rigidity, which will not allow of farther b extenfion by the effort of the heart, and motion of the blood.— [ a Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 283. p. 87&S9. h Drake, Anthrop I. 2. c. 8. p. 263. Nent. Fund. Medic. T. 2. P. 1. p. 184. J Body, among painters — A colour is faid to bear a body, when it is capable of being ground fo fine, and mixing with the oil fo intirely, as to feem only a thick oil of that colour. This do white lead, lamp-black, vermillion, lake, indigo, &c. On the contrary, verditers, fmalts, &c. will not imbody with the oil, but be ftill apt to feparate from it in working. Smith, Art of Paint, c. z. p. 28, feq. See Colour, Cycl. and Suppl.

Body is a!fo ufed in a figurative fenfe to denote bread.

It has been difputed among Romanifts, whether the body of Chrift in the cucharift be corruptible, or incorruptible. Pfaf Inft. Hift. Ecclef. faec. 12. c. 3. §■ 2. p. 566. Bertram has a work on the body of Chrift, wherein the doc- trine of tranfubftantiation is fully refuted. Vid. Fabric. Bibl. Med. JEv. Lat. T. 1. p. 661. See Transubstantiation, Cycl.

Body of a piece of ordnance, that part comprehended between the center of the trunnions and the cafcabel. It ought always to be more fortified than the reft. Moor, Tr. of Artill. P. 1. c. 1. p. 3. See Cannon, Cycl. and Suppl.

Body of a pump, the thickeft part of the barrel or pipe of a pump, within which the pifton moves.

Body is alio ufed for an affemblage of feveral different things col- lected into one ; more particularly a number of perfons united into a company or college.

A ftate or nation, under the administration of one fovereign, is called a body politic. All large empires are unnatural, in re- gard the relation between the head and limbs is here too re- mote '. No body, either natural or politic, can long remain found without exercife m. — [ 1 Shaft esb. Char. T. 1, p. 113, feq. m Bacon, Works, T. 1. p. 247.]

Body, in fpeaking of a horfe, denotes the cheft, but chiefly the flanks.

A horfe is faid to have a good body, when lie is full in the flank; a light body, when he is thin or flender in the flank If the laft of the fliort ribs be at a confiderable diftance from the haunch-bone, though fuch a horfe may have a tolerable body for a time, if he be much laboured, he will lofe it. It is a general rule never to buy a horfe that is light bodied and fiery, becaufe he will prefently deftroy himfelf. Diet. Ruft. in voc. body.

Congruous Bodies, thofe whofe particles have the fame magni- tude and velocity, or at Icaft harmonical proportions of mag- nitude and velocity.

Incongruous Bodies, thofe which have neither the fame magni- tude, nor the fame degree of velocity, nor an harmonical pro- portion of magnitude and velocity. Hook, Lect. Cutl. de Po- tent. Reftit. p. 7.

Hard Body. See the article Hard.

Body ofreferve, in the military art, a draught or detachment of a number of forces out of an army, who are only to engage in cafe of neceflity. Ozan. Diet. Math. p. 613. See the article Reserve, Cycl.

Body, in matters of literature, a name given to a collection of whatever .relates to any particular fcience : thus we fay, the body of the canon law"; the body of the Saxon law : King James I. had a defign to compile a body of the Englifh law. — [ " Struv. Bibl. Jur. c. 13. §. 10. p. 410. Bibl.Ital. T. 12. p. 130, feq. ° Struv. lib. cit. c. 5. §. 5. p. 58.]

'The body of the civil law confifts chiefly of the inftitutes, pan- dects, code, and novels p. A gloflated body, corpus juris chilis glojfatum, is that to which gloffes are added in the margin, competed by feveral lawyers ''.— [ n Hartang. Exerc, Jur.

BOG

Civ. 1. c 5. p. 14. Struv. Bib. Jur. c:^. §. 1. p, ir,
 * Struv. lib. cit. §. 14. p. 34.]

The chief editions of the body of the civil law are the Haloan- drian, the Florentine, and the vulgar, which is that of Dion, Gothofred. Id. ib. §. 7. p. 25.

We have alfo bodies of poets, bodies of hiftorians, &c. Baill. Jugem. des Scav. T. 3. P. 1. p. 440. Boecl. Bibl. Crit. c. 4. §30. p. 135.

Divers other bodies are propofed by Mr. Wane, to leffen the charge and trouble of collecting a multitude of fmall volumes ; as, i°. Of all the Greek orators, except Demoflhencs. 2°. The rhetores, or fuch as have delivered the rules of writing. 3 . The epiftles called Socratic. 4 . The grammarians. 5 . The opufcula mythologica. Bibl. Liter. N° 2. p. 34, feq. F. Charlevoux the jefiiit engaged in making a body of liiftory of the new world, including all the countries unknown to the Europeans before the fourteenth century. Mem. de Trev. Jan. j 7 3 5. p. 160. Body of ckclrine imports the fame with fyftem, viz, an orderly collection of principles and conclufions, containing the fub- ftance of what is to be faid or known on a certain fubject. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 257. See System, Cycl. In this fenfe, we fay bodies of divinity, phytic, Esfc. The Lutheran church has four bodies of doctrine, viz. the Phi- lippic, Prutenic, Thuringic, and Julian ; all compofed in the fixteenth century. Pfaff. Inft. Hift. Ecclef. fiec. 16. c. 3. §. 6. p. 189. See Lutheranism, Cycl BOEDROMIA, Bor.%ti«, in antiquity, folemn feafts held at Athens, in memory of the fuccour brought by Ion to the Athe- nians, when invaded by Eumolpus fon of Neptune, in the reign of Erectheus. Harpocrat. Si Suid. in voc. Plutarch gives another account of the boedroyr.ia, which, accord- ing to him, were celebrated in memory of the victory obtained by Thefeus over the Amazons, in the month Bo.dromion. Pint. inThef. Potter, Archasol. 1. 2. c. 20. p. 374. Schoet.Lex. Ant. p. 224. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1080. BOEDROMION, Bo^^wv, in the anticnt chronology, the third month of the Athenian year It confifted of thirty days, and anfwered to the latter part of our Auguft and beginning of Sep- tember. See Month.

It takes its name from the feftival boedromia, kept in it. See Boedromia. BOERHAAVIA, in botany, the name of a plant, which, in theLinnasan fyftem, makes adiftinct genus. The characters of this are ; that the cup is extremely fmall, and is only a foli- aceous rim furrounding the feed-germen : the flower confifts of a fingle petal, in form of a bell, placed erect, of a quinquano-u- Iar figure, and divided into five fegments, each furrounded with. a rim : the ftamina are three thort filaments ; and the antherre are fmall : the piftillum has its germen within the receptacle : the ftyle is thread-like, and erect ; and the ftigma obtufe : the fruit is a capfule, of a turbinated form, ridged on its furface, and containing only one fingle cell : the feed is Angle, one only fucceeding each flower, t he plant is very nearly related to the valerians. Linnccus, Gen. Plant, p. 8. BOG (Cycl.) — Boggy lands upon levels are generally called fens with us ; and what our farmers particularly underftand by the term bog- land, is that fort of bog which lies among hills, or between two eminences, and has defcent enough to drain it, if the water could get off.

Thefe lands are fed by fprings pent up by a weight of earth, which dams in the water, and caufes it to fpread in the ground fo far as the land is foft. Thefe are to be drained only one way, which is, by obferving the loweft place where there is a proper defcent ; then there is to be made a cut in this place deep enough to take all the water out of the bog, and this muft be fomewhat deeper than the fprings, or elfe the labour is all loft.

In ruftiy grounds, the fprings are commonly found to lie with- in a foot or two of the furface, when any thing of ffonynefs or fmall gravel is to be found, and fometimes confiderably lower in a hungry gravel ; but it is always lower in boggy ground than in rufhy, and is deep, according to the weight of earth that pens it in. The beft way is to begin the drain at the loweft place, and fo carry it in towards the ipring-head, where there muft be made fuch trenches, either round or crofs the bog, as fhall be found neceflary to the draining of it tho- roughly.

If it be neceflary to make fuch large and deep drains, that there is danger of the cattle's falling into them, they may be filled up with ftoncs or brick-batts, and thefe covered with boards, and the turf laid over them. The cavities among the ftones will give paffage to the water, and the turf will grow at top, as if nothing had been done.

It is a common practice to make a bank with the earth dug out of the trench, laying it on the fide ; but this is extremely wrong. If the trench be fmall, the earth dug out of it fliould be carried away in wheelbarrows ; and if large, it fhould be fpread upon the loweft places of the bog, where there is room for it. Mprtim. Husband.

Another excellent method is to make the trenches about a yard deep, and two feet wide, laying at the bottom of them green black-thorn-buihes, and over thefe a ftratum of large and round ftones, or at leaft of fuch as cannot lie clofe j over thefe

lay