Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/345

 BOD

BOD

that they may pnffiblv be frnjnd to be only different concep- tions of one and the fame effunce. Hook, Leer. Cud. p. 7. jya/itt, according toWoltius are, compound beings, out of which, "as of parts, the univerfe is framed. Wolf. Cofmol. §. ri9.p. 108. Bodies arc aggregates of certain fimple fubftances or principles, of which all that" is fubftantial in them confifts. Id. lb. §. 176,

yn- p- '43-

1 he lint or internal principles of bodies, which are not refolv- ahlc into others, are called elements. Id. §. 181. p. [45. See Element and Principle, Cycl.

Light or fire is found an ingredient in all bodies j which fome indeed, efpecially among the chemifts, make to be the fame with the principle fulphur. Vid. Romberg, in Mem. Acad. Scienc. aim. 1705. p. 122. It. aim. 1706. p. 336. See Light, Fire, and Sulphur.

The Peripatetics maintain, that befides the common matter of all bodies, there is foinething in every fpecies, which difcri- minates it from every other, and makes it what it is : this they call form j which, becaufe all the qualities, and other accidents of the body, muft depend on it, they alio imagine to be a fub- ftance, and indeed a kind of foul, that, united to the grofs matter, with it compoi'es a natural body. Vid. Voter. Phyf, Exper. P. 1. c. 3. qu. 1. p. 13. Boyle, Phil. Work, abridg. T; 1. p. 207.

The affections, properties, or attributes of body, are cither cfTential and general, as belonging to all lodks, and not cap- able of intention or remiffion ; or particular and accidental, which may be abfent, yet the body ftill fubfift, and which may alfo be intended and remitted. Vid s'Gravefande, In ft Phil. Newt. c. 2. u. 9. p. 4. funck. Confp Chem. tab. 1. p. 6. Voter. Phyf. Exper. P. 1. c. 4 p. 21, feq. The general affections of body are extenfion, folidity, divifi- bility, mobility, figurability, and gravity. Wolf. Cofmol. c. 1. p. 108. §. 122, feq. s'Gravefande^ loc cit. The particular affections are cohefion, hardnefs, foftnefs, flui- dity, elafticity, fixity, volubility, denfity, levity, &c, s'Gravef- ande, lib. cit. c. 5 p. 11. 11, 32.

Mechanical writers refolve all the force and activity of body into its motion ; and all the pafiion of body into impreffions made on it by other bodies in motion :i. Hence bodies can only act when in contact, that is, can exert no action at adiftancc, or where they do not impinge h. — [ ;t JVolf. Cofmol. §. 133, p. 1 16. b Id. ibid. §. 32c, 32s. j

The motion of bodies is either local or mtefUne. The latter is not fenfible ; but may be interred from a great number of ope- rations. Dr. Hook does not defpair, but that, under further helps and improvements of the organ of hearing, we may come at length to difcern the inteftine motions of bodies by the ear, Hook, Pofthum. Works, p 39.

We muft not, Mr. Boyle obferves, look on the feveral bodies which affect our fenfes, as bare lumps of matter of fuch bi Defies and fhapes : many of them have their parts curioully contrived, and moft of them, perhaps, in motion too. Nor muft we fuppofe the univerfe that furrounds us a motionlefs and undiftinguifhed heap of matter, but a great engine, which having either no vacuity, or none that is confidcrable betwixt its known parts, the actions of particular bodies one on another muft not be barely eftimated as if two portions of matter, of ■ their bulk and figure, were placed in fome imaginary fpacc be- yond the world, but as being fituate in the world, conftituted as it now is, and confequently as having their action upon each other liable to be promoted, hindered, or modified hy the actions of other bodies. Boyle, of Forms and Qualities, ap. Phil. Work, abridg. T. 1. p. 203.

The chemifts call the foul the invijibh body, as being a medium between the vifiblc body and the invifible fpirit. Rid. Lex. Afchem. John/. Lex. Chym. Caji. Lex. Med. p. 220. Paracclfus and his followers give the name body to that wherein the virtues or powers of things are concealed. Paracelf. Tract. Paragram. tr. 2. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 220. voc. corpus. In which fenfe, they even fpcakof the bodies of difeafes. Chemifts fpeak of the bodies of metals ; of opening the body of gold, that is, diflblving it.

Body is alfoufed figurarivclyforconfiftcnce,folidity,and ftrength. In this fcn(c, we fay the body of a cloth, wine, &c. Vintners have divers arts of increafing or diminiihing the body of wine. Vid Charlt. Myft of Vint.

Casleftial Bodies are by fome divided into two kinds, folid and fluid.

The folid are thofe which appear or are fenfible to us, either by their own light, or the light of others reflected from them. The fluid arc only different kinds of sether, of which Hook makes feveral, fome more fluid and fubtile than others, Hook, Pofth. Works, p. 165. See^THER, Cycl. and Suppl.

Spiritual or pneumatic Body, that which is not palpable or grofs enough for our feeling, as the air, light, &c. Bacon, Nov. Org. I. 2. T. 1. p. 363.

Spiritual Body is alfo ufed, by Hobbs, for the fubftance of an- gels, human fouls, and the like, which he holds to be natural bodies, only too fubtile to affect the fenfes c. On this principle we have alfo thinking bodies, reafoning kdies, &c. which, ac- cording to the generality of philofophers, involve a contra- dicton J. — [ c Hobbs, Dif. of Hum. Nat. c. 11. §. 4. p. 133. 1 Verdr. Phyf. p. 546.] Suppl. Vol.1.

Simple Bodies, thofe which are not compounded of others : fuch are the four elements, and the cceleftial bodies, fuppofed to be. Vid. Q%an. Math. Di&. p. 139. & Wolf. Elem.Cofmol. §. 2^3. See Simple, Cycl. Mixt Bodies, thofe formed of a mixture of the elements. Thefe are divided by philofophers into perfedtly and imperfectly mixt. See Mixt, Cycl.

Bodies imperfectly mixt are thofe compofed of one, two, or a few of the Ariftotehan elements ; foas they may eafllv, and without any great alteration, be refolved into the fame : fuch are exhalations, effluvia, fnow, and other meteors, fuppofed to be.

Bodies perfectly mixed are thofe, to whofe compofition moft or all of the elements concur ; fo as a firmer and more durable concretion arifes : fuch are ftones, plants, and animals. Verdr. Phyf. P. 2. c. 2. §. 5. p 285.

Others reject this divifion as of little ufe, and divide mixt bodies into fimple and organical mixts. Inorganual or finiply mixt Bodies, mixta fimplic'.ter, are thofe, whofe properties, powers, and actions depend fulely on the temperature of the elements they are compofed of: fuch are minerals. Organical mixt Bodies, thofe whofe functions are performed by means of the mechanical ftructurc of the parts : fuch are vegetables and animals. Verdr. ibid.

An organical body, according to Wolfius, is that which, by its compofition or ftructure, is fitted for fome determinate action.

In which fenfe, this philofopher fuppofes all bodies to be orga- nical, and fubdivides them into fimple and compound. Wo'f. Cofmol. §. 274. p. 209. Simple organical Body, that which is not compofed of any other

organical bodies or parts. Compound organical Body, that whofe component parts are orga- nical bodies, being compound beings; and every compound being being a machine, it follows, that every body is a ma- chine. On which principle is founded the modern mechanical philofophy. Wolf. ibid. §. 75. p. 6P, feq. U%. 120. p. 108. We may add, that what the peripatetics call mixt bodies, fome late writers, after Becker and Stahl, call compound bodies ; which they fubdivide into aggregates, mixts, and compounds, pro- perly fo called. Stahl. Phyf. Princ. Chem. P.-i. §. 1. p. 3, feq. Jmick. Confp. Chem. tab. 1. p. 4, feq. Mixt Bodies, according to thefe writers, are thofe compofed

merely of principles. Compound Bodies, thofe formed immediately of mixts into any

determinate fmgle things. Aggregate Bodies, thofe formed of feveral compounds into any

intire parcel or fyftem. See Aggregate, Cycl. and Suppl. Homogeneous Bodies. Sec Homogeneous, Cycl. Heterogeneous Bodies. See Heterogeneous, Gyd. Inertia c^Body, that power whereby it refifts motion. For as to what is taught hy philofophers, that bodies are perfectly in- different in refpect of motion or reft, muft be take cum grano falls. A certain degree of force is required to put a body at reft into motion ; but a like force is alfo required to ftop it when moving. Vid. Wolf. Cofmol., §. 129. p. 113. It. §. 304, feq, Verdr. Phyf. P. 1. c. 1. §. 9. p. 58. Sec Inertia. Action of Body — The mutual action of bodies on each other are by Bacon c refolved into a principle of afiimilation ; by Hook, into congruity and incongruity ; by Newton, into that of attraction and repulfion ; and by others, into that of affinity d , or flmilarity and diffimilarity, c3V. — [ c Bacon, Phil. Work. p. 170. d Vid. Mem. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1718. p. 256.] Soft Body, that whofe parts Hide over each other e ; or that which readily lofes its former figure by feme firoke or impulfe f : fuch are wax, clay, tallow, &c. — [ c Newt. Opt. p. 370. f Wolf. Elcm. Median §. 370. Ed. 1. Ejufd. Cofmol. §. 384. s'Gravefande, Inft. Phil. Newt. n. 34 j Solid Body, that whofe particles cohere, or are fome way con- nected to each other. Wolf. Elem. Hydroft. §. 4. SceSoLiD, Cycl. and Suppl. FIuidBoDY, that whofe particles eafily flide over each other, and are of a fit fize to be agitated by heat s ; or that whofe particles do not cohere, but are eafily put in motion by the fmallcft force h .— [s Newt. ibid. p. 370. h Wolf. ibid. §. 3.

s'Gravcf ibid. n. 35.] See Fluid, Cycl. and Suppl. Fixt Body, that which will endure the force of an intenfe fire, without evaporating, or vanifliing in fnioke. See Fixt, Cycl. Volatile Body, that which rifes by the force of heat. J^/inc. Pharm. P. 1. §. 14. p. 37, feq. Item, p. 41, feq- See Vo- latile, Cycl. and Suppl. Humid Body, that which is apt to adhere or ftick to things.

Nezut. lib. cit. p 370. Sec Hu.uidity, Cycl. Elofiic Body, that whofe figure being changed by any external force, it returns to the fame by its own force ' ; that is, accord- ing to Sir Ifaac Newton, by a force arifing from the mutual attraction of its parts k .—[ * Wolf. Elem. Median. §. 371. Ejufd. Cofmol. §. 380. Ozcin. Diet. Math. p. 529. k Navt. Opt. qu. 31, p. 370.] See Elastic and Elasticity, Cycl. Vnelaftic Body, that which having affumed a new figure by means of fome external force, retains or continues in the fame; as .wax, clay, or the like. I 5 E Ro H h