Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/338

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B L O

Jethiops or cinnabar given in moderate dofes, fo as not fenfibly to affect the ftomach, nor excite falivation, for a long time, Morg. Phil. Princ. Med. P. 3. prop. 2. p. 412, fcq. As to the greater or lefs degree of fluidity and vifcidity of the bloody it is manifeft, that this humour may cither have its parts too intimately divided and attenuated, or, on the contrary, there may be too clofe a cohefion between its parts, fo as to render the mafs too thick and vifcous. The firft. of thefe Hates difpofes the blood to a too quick, eafy, and rapid motion, and fometimcs diffolves and fufes it to fuch a degree, that the globules or crafiamentum pafles, together with the ferum, through the glandular (trainers, aud occafions bloody fccre- tions ; as in malignant and peftilential fevers, bloody fweats, and other preternatural hemorrhages. The latter or vifcid ftate renders the blood unapt for motion, and difpofes it to flick and lodge in the capillaries and lymphatics. Boerh. Aphor. §. 96. - Phil. Tranf. N° 44. p. 891. Morg. lib. cit. P. 3. prop

1. p. 402. Nent. Fund. Med. T. I. P. 2. p. 87.

The fpecific gravity of the bloody or the various degrees of its rarefaction and condensation, depend on the degrees of heat; as the natural heat either rifes too high, or finks too low, the bhody/Wl, of confequence, be cither too much rarefied, or too much condenfed. In the former cafe, where the blood is over- heated and rarificd, the expanfive force of the elementary fire and air contained in the mafs, prevails- over the corpufcular attraction ; and then, by the coagulating power of heat upon the ferum, and its too intimate mixture and cohefion with the crafiamentum, the lymph, which fhould form the fecretions, cannot be feparated, but the ferum is, as it were, abforbed in the crafiamentum; in confequence of which, the fecretions muff, be dimiuimed, or quite fufpended, and a fever enfue, more or lefs inflammatory, according to the degrees of heat in the blood, and the confequent fufpenfion or interruption of the lymphatic fecretions. Morg. lib, cit. P. 3. prop. I. p. 403. See the article Fever.

On the other hand, where the blood is immoderately cooledfand condenfed, the corpufcular attraction prevailing over the ex- panfive force, the ferum will be over-thinned and diluted, and confequently feparated too faff, and thrown oft' too plentifully on the glands and lymphatics; fo that if the urinary drains happen to be obfr.rudr.ed, a furcharge of ferum muft enfuc, and in confequence of this a dropfy : and in cafe the fluid parts of the urine pafs freely enough, and only the grofler recrements, falts, and fabula, be kept back, thefe being thrown on the fe- veral organs, will produce the fymptoms of the (curvy. Morg. lib. cit. p. 404. Ih'.ckwfs of the Blood, fpijf.iudo fanguinisy is alfo a preternatural concretion, following on a plethora, or diminution pf its mo - tion, from which ftagnations and other diforders draw their rife. This is either general throughout the whole body ; or fpecial, confined to fome particular part ; as in hypochondriac and hy- fteric cafes, where the bloody by reafon of the flownefs of its progrcflion, acquires a lentor in the region of the abdomen a . To the fame caufe are alfo owing polypufes h, apoplexies, pleu- rifies, infarctions of the vifecra c , palpitations of the heart' 1 , fuppreffions ofthemenfes c , &c.—[ " Nent. Fund Med. tab.

2. T. 1. -p. 87, feq. Junck. Confp. Med. p. 188, feq. b Phil. Tranf. N° 44 p. 891. c Junck. Confp. Med. p. 197, feq. d Id. ibid. p. 629. c Nent. Fund. Med. T. r. P. 2. p. 63.]

Solubility of the Blood is that tendency in the ferum and crafia- mentum, by which they are difpofed to feparate and difengage from each other, when the blood comes to cool, andftand-Tn a bafon, When blood is taken off, it muft frequently frand a long time at reft, and in a cold place, before its principles can difunite, fo as to effect, a perfect feparation of the ferum from the crafiamentum; and yet at laft, when the feparation is made, there may be a fufficient quantity of ferum, and per- haps a greater proportion than ordinary; whereas, at other times, this feparation mail be quickly made, and the folution effected after a fhort time of ftanding in a warmer air. The principal reafon of this difference feems to be, the different degrees of heat to which the blood is fubject, the globules being much more rarified and expanded at one time than at another; and therefore, as the arterial bloody being hotter, is longer in effecting this feparation than the venal, fo, in a hieh inflam- matory fever, the venal blood requires a confiderable time ftand- ing in a cool place before it can throw oft" its ferum ; but, in in a cold condenfative ftate of the blood, this feparation is pro- cured almoft prefently. Boyle, Phil. Work, abridg. T. 3 p. 4;4,_feq._ Idem, p. 610. Phil. Tranf. N° 4$? p. 891. Morg lib. cit. P. 3. prop. 1. p. 407.

Sweetening, purifying, or clean/tag the Blood r, are terms which feem to have ariferi from a miftake, as if the blood were an im- pure fluid, or capable of receiving impurities with thechvle; which feems to be overturned by the extreme finenefs of the orifices of the lacteals, which will hardly allow anv thing im- pure to pafs e._ [ f Beyle, Phil. Work, abride;. T. 7. p*bic. « Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 4. p. 1485.J

Excretions or evacuations of the Blood are either spontaneous, as in the haemorrhoids, ha?moptoe, haemorrhages at the nofe, the lochia, and memtrual flux ; or artificially produced by me- dicines, emenagogucs, venajfedtions, fear ifi cations, leeches, lsc Junck. Confp. Therap. tab. 10. p 30;, feq. The want of due evacutions of the bleed produces plethoras h.

In hypochondriacal cafes, the natural excretions by the anus, memtrual flux. &c. are by all means to be promoted, as the fureft means of cure \— [ h Junck, Confp. Med. p. 8. ' Nent. Fund. Med. T. 1. P. 2. p. 150.]

Blood, injecting liquors into it. See Injection.

"pitting of Blood. — Spirit of plantanjuice, comfrey-roots, and. fine fugar, are recommended by Mr. Boyle as an approved re- medy againlt fpitting and vomiting of blood. Boyle, Phil. Works abridg. T. 1. p. 66.

Tar-water is faid to be a very good remedy in this cafe. See T 'AR-water.

Orgafm of the Blood denotes an extraordinary efflatus or ebulli- tion, obferved m fevers, phrenzies, haemoptoes, palpitations of the heart, and even by fome fuppofed in cephalalgias, Scur- vies, arthritic pains, is'c. It is to be compofed or allayed by calmers, nitrofe preparations, &c. rather than by 'opiats. Junck. Confp. Med. p. 108, 265, 269, feq. 30?, 629. Nent. Fund Med.T. i.P. 2. p. 25, 101, 103, 165, &313. Junck, Confp. Ch'ir. p. 378. lb. p. 10 & 16.

Cooling of the Blood, recommended by lord Bacon as a means of longevity, is to be effected by clyfters, baths, unctions, re- frigerating decoctions applied to the belly k, &c Some have vainly imagined the chief office of reparation to be, to cool

the kindled blood, and prevent too great a deflagration K-

[ k Bac. Hift. Vit. & Mort. ap. Works, T. 2. p. i s g f cq. » Junck. Confp. Phyf. tab 8. p. 198.]

Fluxes of Blood are called haemorrhages. See Hemorrhage. The periodical ones of women, menfes. See Menses. Thofe after child-birth, lochia. See Lochia. That ordinarily hap- pening on the firft coition, is by fome called and confidcred as the teft of virginity. Bias, Not. ad Vefling, c. 7. p 109, Barth. Anat. Reform. 1. 1. c. 3. Tekhmey. Inft. Med. c. 4. qu. 3. p. 28.

Ujcs of the Blood are either in the animal ceconomy, or in me- dicine, religion, diet, arts, manufactures, t&a In the animal ceconomy, the blood ferves as the fource or fund from which all the humours of the body are fecreted m, whether neceflaryfor nutrition, digeffion, mufcular motion, fenfation, or the like. Some alfo make it the principle of life and heat. And others hold it to do the office of a pondus in the alternate motion of the heart n .— [ m Nieivent. Relig. Philof. cont. 8. §. 18. p. 63. Voter. Phyf. Exper. §. 7. c. '24. p. 6S4, Jmtk. Confp. Phyf. tab. 19. p. 297. » Phil. Tran£*N« 281. p. 1224. & p. 1229.]

Mechanical and commercial ufes of Blood are chiefly in agricul- ture, where it is found an excellent manure for fruit-trees ° - among lapidaries, where, it is pretended, rabbits Hood will foften glafs and flint P; and goats blood difiblves diamonds 1 - in building, boards are fometimes rubbed with bleed to turn them brown. Some alfo pretend it has antiently been ufed in the mortar of old walls 1 .— [ ■ Ev*L Phil. Difc. of Earth, p. 319. Bought. Collect. T. t. N° 1 29. p. 339. p Cajl Lex. Med. p. 755. voc. yrcus. 1 Brown, Vulg. Err. 1. 2. c. 5.

p. 64. r Hcught. loc. cit.]

Blood is the bafis of that noble colour called by painters P ruf- fian blue; and it is to vitriol, that is, to iron diflblved, and formed into a fait, that it owes its change into that colour. Sec Prussian blue.

On this principle, Mr. Brown, an excellent chemift among us, tried the effect of folutions of other metals mixed with blood, the refult of which may be a bafis for many valuable difcoveries. T he blood, in all thefe experiments, was prepared into a lixivi- um, in the fame manner as in the making the Pruffian blue, that is, by calcining it with an equal weight of fait of tartar, and then diflblving it in boiling water.

This lixivium of blood being poured into a folution of filver in aqua fortis, there is produced a coagulum of a pure flefli colour. The like lixivium made with flefh inftcad of blood, produces in this cafe, a white coagulum ; and fimple oil of tartar being ufed in the fame experiment, byway of comparifon with thefe lixivia, afforded a much whiter fediment. Spirit of fait being added feverally to all the three mixtures, the bloom of the flefii- colour was taken off" in the firft ; but it fuft'ered no other change. In the fecond, the coagulum was tinged a little blue ; and in the third, the whitenefs was evidently improved. The blueiih tinge in the fecond cafe, is not wholly to be attributed to the flefh, but perhaps might be owing to an alloy of cupper in the filver, from which it is feldom entirely freed. The fame liquors were made ufe of to form a precipitate from corrofive fubHmate of mercury diflblved in water, the confe- quence of which was, that the lixivium with blood produced a pure yellow ; that with flefh, an orange colour ; and the fim- ple oil of tartar, a dingy red. The addition of fpirit of fait af- terwards to thefe made fome very odd alterations ; for the firft changed its yellow for an orange colour; and the fecond its orange colour to a blue; while the third became without any colour. The blue colour in the lixivium with the flefh, when mixed with this folution, may be accounted for from the vi- triol in this preparation ; but it is not fo eafy to fay, why the fame vitriol fhould not have produced alfo a blue in a lixivium with blood.

Copper, when diflblved in aqua fortis, brings the water of a green colour; and, on pouring to this the two lixivia of blood, and of flefh, the coagula are much alike ; that is, they are

white,