Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/318

 B I S

EISET^E, in natural hiftory, a term ufed to exprefs a genus of flics of the clafs of the feticaudce, diftinguifned from the others by their having two hairs or brifties growing out at the tail. There are many fpecics of this genus, and they are ufually divided by authors into two principal kinds; fuch ashavefharp ends, and fuch as have blunt ones. Of the former kind there are two fpecies, which have filvery wings, four to each fly, ornamented with black fpots, the moulders blackifh, the reft of the body of a dun colour, with tranfverfe lines of black : the antennae are (lender, and black ; and the hairs at the tail very long. Thefe differ from one another only in fize ; and, befides thcfe, our hedges afford us feveral other kinds of the fharp-ended bifeia.

Among the blunt-ended, there is one of a yellowifh colour, elfe much refembling the henoihrix. Of the two briflles at the tail in this fpecies, the one is extended to its full length, the other curled up in a fpiral form. There are feveral other fpe- cics of this kind alfo found frequently in our hedges. See He-

NQTHIUX.

BISHOP (Cycl.)-'By the antient difcipline, bijhops were to be married once a, and not to put away their wives on pretence of religion ; but a fecond marriage was a disqualification for this order. If they lived chafte, they were ranked as confef- fors b .— [ a Can. Apoft. £. Suic. TheC Ecclef. T. i. p. 725. voc. yayfa, b Johnf. Ecclef. Law, an. 740. §. 28. It. an.

9S7-4-7-] ., ,

Hence, in writers of the middle age, we meet with the term epifcopa, or bijhopefs, the bijhop's wife, or the wife of one after- wards coniecrated, and made a bifhop. By an antient canon of the council of Tours, a bijhop, who had no bijkopefs, was forbid to have any crowd of women in his retinue : epifcopum epijeopam non babentem, nulla Jequatur turbo midterum. Vid. Baron, an. 34. n. 289. Du Cange, GloC Lat T. n.p. 254. Bijhops are called in antient writers by feveral other titles and denominations, as apoftles, angels, princes of the church, pontifces, pmtifimimxmi,fimjnifacw<kte$ 7 <)T\i\^^ bestiJBmij fan£itjf.mi, ©*wj»i, wpoaSp, wpeEsWta, spefoi, God's bea- dles, &c. Vid. Eingb. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 2. c. 2. §. 1, feq. It. ]. 2. c. 9. §. 6. Du Cange, GloiT Lat. T.r. p. igi. voc. an- geius. It, T. 2. p. 459. voc. famines, & p. 160. voc. domini. It T. 4. p. 346. voc. pontifex. Bof. Exerc de Pontif. Max. c 1. §. 4. Suic. Thief. Ecclef. T. 1. p. 1293. voc. tpof&. It p/1314. voc. wyotyj. It. p. 1397. voc. ©ewp®*. It. p. 1444. voc upohfeffa-

Some bijhops, in the middle age, on account of their regalia, or temporalities, were obliged to a military fervice called hofiis, by which they were to lead their vaflals into the field, and at- tend the king in his military expeditions. This Charlemaign excufed, and even forbid : but the prohibition was little re- garded ; fince we find the thing often practifed afterwards. On the bijliofs refufal, his temporalities were feized, or mulcts impofed. Some, by a peculiar privilege, were only obliged to attend the army when the king himfelf was there; as the bijiiop of Orleans : others were intirely exempted from going in perfon, and only obliged to fend their vaffals. Du Cange, Glo^T. Lat. T. 2. p. 791. voc. hojles. & p. 792 — 798. Among the French b'fhops, there are three who are dukes and peers, and three counts and peers, by their office : the arch- tijhop of Rheims is the firft duke and peer ; the bijhop of Lan- gres the fecond ; the UJhop of Laon the third : the bijbop of Eeauvais is the firft count and peer; the bifjop of Noyon the fecond ; and the bijhop of Chalons the third. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 2. p. 1525. voc. cvefque.

The election of bijhops was ant'iently placed in the clergy, and the people of the parifh, province, or diocefe ; but afterwards, princes and magistrates, patriarchs and popes, ufurped the power c. The election was to be within three months after the vacancy of the fee ; and the perfon to be chofen out of the clergy of that church d. Formerly the bijhop claimed a fliare in the election of an archbijhop ; but this was fet afidc by the popes d. — [ c Vid. Suic. Theft" Ecclef. T. 1 . voc. ra-tswow®-, p. 1181. It. voc. eWiXJjpvrltt, p. 1 1 67. Eingb. 1. 17. c. 5. §. 3. It. I. 4, c. 2. §. 4. John/, an. 692. per tot. d Eingh. J, 1. c. io. §. 2. It. C. 11. §• 1. c Johnf. an. 1126. Pref. It. an. 1222. Pref.]

In England, .till the time of Henry VIII. bijhops were elected by the chapters of monks or canons, fome fhadow of which ftill remains in the prefent method of difpdfing of bifhopricks. Johnf. Ecclef. Law, an. 742. in Pref.

Ordinarily, at lead three bijhops are required in the ceremony of consecrating a bijljop*; but, in fome cafes, a Angle one might fuffice s. The Englifh fucccflion of proteftant bifjops ftands on this lift footing.— [ s Eingb. 1. z. c. 1 1. §. 4.
 * Johnf. an. 6ot. §. 6.]

The age of a biJI;op is to be at leaft thirty years ; and, by the antient difcipline, none were to be chofen but thofe who had paffed through all the inferior orders h ; but, in fome cafes of neceflity, this was difpenfed with, and deacons, nay laymen, were raifed per fahum to the epifcopal dignity K — [ h Suic. Thef. Ecclef. T. 1. voc. EW(1 «ow©-, p. 1183. Eingb. Orig. Ecclef. I. 2. c. 10. * Suic. loc. cit. p. 11 84. Eingb. loc. cit.

Bishop abbot, epifcopus abbas, was an abbot inverted with the epifcopal order ; of which we meet with feveral in the richer and more confutable irioaafteries. See Abbot, CycL

B I S

Bishop monl, epifcopus monachus, was a religious inverted with the epifcopal order, but ftill refiding in a monaftery, whether out of choice, or for want of another habitation. Johnf Ec- clef. Law, an. 673. §. 4. See Monk, CycL Some take thefe bijhop monks for a fiction, and to have arifen from a corruption of the text of a canon, where epifcopi mona- chi crept in by the copyift's inadvertency, inftead of ipfi mana- chi. The emendation may be juft; but cannot difprove the cxiftence of bijhop monks. Johnf. Ecclef. Law, an. 693. §. 6.

Bishops &f villages, chorepifcopi. See Chorefiscopus, CycL When, on account of the epifcopal dignity, it was prohibited to appoint any bijlwps in villages or little towns, yet, in fome cafes, this had been found neceffary, it was ordered, that they fhould not longer be denominated bijhops, but per'todeutec. Concil.Laod. c. 57. Sum. Thef. Ecclef. T. 2. p. 676. voc.

Bishop is alfo a title fometimes given in the antient church to deacons. Suic, Thef. Ecclef. T. 1. p. 870. voc. &«*<»©.. See Deacon, CycL

Cardinal Bishop, epifcopus cardinalis, a bijijop in chief, or in ca- pite. Du Cange, GloiT. Lat. See the article Cardinal, CycL and Suppl.

St. Gregory fometimes ufes the term for a proper bijhop. An- ticntly there were alfo bifiops, who, by a peculiar privilege from the holy fee, were ranked, and had a feat among the car- dinals.

Cathedral Bishop was alfo a title given the proper biJJjops, by way of distinction from the chorepifcopi. See Cathedral, CycL

Vague Bishops, epifcopi vagantes, thofe without any diocefe, fometimes attendant in camps, or in foreign countries, for the converfion of infidels.

The like vague bijlwps were fometimes alfo granted by popes .to monasteries, exempt from the jurifdiction of the diocefan, where they performed all the epifcopal functions. They were chofen by the abbot from among his monks ; but confecrated by the neighbouring bijhops, and ferved on occafion to confe- crate new abbots. Thus it was a bijbsp was granted by pope Stephen I. to the monaftery of St. Dennis, and another by Ur- ban II. to St. Martins at Tours. Du Cange, Gloff, Lat. T. 2. p. 256, feq.

Bishop in partibus infidelium, he who is dignified with the title of a bifhoprick, whofe diftrict or diocefe is in the pofleffion of infidels or heretics.

By the canon law, a bijhop in partibus is qualified hereby to be a coadjutor of another bijhop. See Coadjutor, CycL The denomination took its rife from the expulfion of the bijlups and clergy out of the Holy-land by the Saracens ; when flying into Italy for fhelter, coadjutories were given them for their fubfiftence. Du Cange, ibid. T- 2. p. 256.

Acephalous Bishop, he who is immediately fubject to the papal fee, without any metropolitan over him.

Bishop eleft is he who has the king's nomination, with the fanc- tion of the chapter ; but without confecration.

Bishop dcfigned, epijeopus defignatus, denoted a coadjutor of a bif)op, who, in virtue of his office, is to fucceed at the incum- bent's death. Calv. Lex. Jurid. p. 278. voc. defignatus. See Coadjutor, CycL

Suffragan Bishops are coadj'utors oraffiftants of diocefan bijhops, authorized by commiftkm from him.

Exempt Bishops, thofe freed from the jurifdiction of the metro- politan, and immediately fubject to the fee of Rome alone: See Suffragan, CycL

Bishop of the palace, epifcopus palatii, was probably the fame with bijhop of the king's chapel, a title in the court of Bohemia. Du Cange, Glofi". Lat. T. 1. p. 255, feq. It was alfo a title given thofe bijljops, who, by licence of the pope, dwelt in palaces of kings, to be in readinefs for fpiritual fervice, and counfel in church -matters.

Such court bijhops the kings of Hungary and Croatia appear to have had ; fometimes alfo called royal 'bijhops, epifcopi regales.

Bishop of the prime fee, epifcopus prima: fedis, denoted a primate, other wife denominated a fenior bijhop, fen ex epifcopus. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 4. p. 806. voc. fenex. See Primate, CycL

Commendatory Bishops, or biJJjops in commendam, are cardinals not of the order of bijhops, or other prelates, who yet hold bifhopricks in commendam. See Commendam, CycL The appellation had its origin during the refidence of the papal fee at Avignon, when fcarce any cardinal, prieft, or deacon, was created, who held not one, two, three, or more bifhop- ricks in commendam. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. ?. p. 255.

Univerjal or catholic Bishop is a title given to the patriarch of Armenia. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. 1. 5. c. 5. T. 6. p. 393.

Bishop of the catholic or univerfal church, epifcopus catholica eccle- fia, a title fometimes afiumed by the popes. Cyprian has a notion, which frequently occurs, of but one bifhoprick in the church, wherein every fingle bijhop had his fhare, (o as all had the fame concern in the whole. He does not reprefent it as a monarchy in the hands of any fingle bijhop ; but a diffufive power, which lay in the whole college of bijhops, every one of which had a title to feed the whole church, or drive herefy out of any part of it. Eingb. Orig. Ecclef. 1. z. c. 5. §. 2.

In