Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/285

 BEA

BEA

Sng of copper, iron, flseelj -wood, EfSV. &?tw. Diet. Comm. T. r.-p. 307.

'Gold-heaters differ from /star* of gold or filver, as the farmer bring their metal into leaves by the hammer ; whereas the lat- ter only flatten it by preffing it through a mill. There arc alio Tjk-Beatbrs employed in the looking-glafs trade, whofe bufinefs is to beat tin on large blocks of marble till it be reduced to thin leaves, fit to be applied with quick- filver behind looking glafles. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 307. See LooKiNG-^/ff/f, Foliating, &c. Cycl Be a TER is alio ufed for an inftrument wherewith to gravel walks and alleys in gardens even.

It is a piece of wood half a yard long, fix inches thick, and eight or nine broad, having a handle in the middle. Diet. Ruft. in VOC BEATIFIC Vifion, (Cycl.) among divines, the prefence of God in dory, which the blcfled enjoy in paradife to all eternity. The time when the£«7/*/Krvifion commences, was towards the middle of the fourteenth century, hotly difputed. The queftion was, whether the fouls of the juit mould fee God face to face before the day of judgment ? Pope John XXII. held the affir- mative ; friar Thomas Waleys, a dominican, fupported by Dr. Thomas Poney, abbot of St. Auftin's, Canterbury, the nega- tive. The negative fide proved triumphant ; and the pope, with all his infallibility, was afterwards obliged to retract. Steph. App. to Dugd. Monaft. T. z. p. 329. BEATIFICATION [Cycl.) is confidered as an inferior and iefs fpecies of canonization ; the effects of which are, that an anni- verfary honour is done the perfon as a faint, at his tomb, either by burning lights, hanging up gifts, or any other method. See Acta Sanctorum, T. 1. Junii, p. 37 1. F. & Baillei's DifTerta- ti on before his Lives of the Saints, publifhed in French, p. 197, feq.

Beatification is alfo confidered as a provisional canonization, be- ino; generally premlfed, till the Roman fee, after the fpace of fifty, or more or fewer years, has determined a folemn cano- nization. Thus Mary Magdalen di Pazzis, a Florentine, who died in 1607, was beatified by Urban VIII. in 1626; but ca- nonized by Clement IX. in 1669. Vid. Acta Sanctorum, T. 6. Maii, p. 3/5. 326.

It is remarkable, that particular orders of monks afTume to themfelves the power of beatification.

Thus Ottavia Melchiorica was beatified with extraordinary ceremonies by the Dominicans, for a legacy of 7000 dollars left the order. Vid. Fabric. Bibl. Antiq. c. 8. p. 274. BEATING, (Cycl.) among fportfmen, denotes the noife which hares make in the rutting-time. See Rutt. The hare is faid to beat, the hart to belly fcfc Cox, Gent. Recr. P. 1. p. 1 0. Beating, in fencing. See the article Beat.

Beating differs from binding, as the latter is performed with a kind of fpring, and that, in performing it, a man keeps by, and engages more his adverfary's fword, than when he beats ; for which reafon binding is chiefly proper when a man intends to become the purfuer; whereas beating, being performed by a kind of jerk, or dry ftroke, is chiefly defigned for the defenfive part, or parade, that a man may hereby return the quicker rif- pofte from it ; feeing his fword, if the beat be rightly per- formed, will, in fome meafure, rebound from his adverfary's fword, and fo afiift him to make the quicker rifpofte. Add, that the jerk or dry beat upon the parade forces the adverfary's fword confiderably out of the ftreight line, which makes the rifpofte ftill the more certain, and which cannot be done with near that certainty nor ftrength with the ordinary French pa- rade, within and without the fword from the quartc guard. Hope, New Meth. of Fenc. c. 4. p. 116. Beating is alfo ufed infpeakingof the agitation and noife of the death-watch, or pedicuins pulfatorius.

Mr. Stackhoufe has defcribed the manner of beating of the pedi- culus pulfatorius. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 385. p. 159. Beating f.ax, or hemp, is an operation in the dreffing of thefe matters, contrived to render them more foft and pliant. Nought. Colle&. T. 2. p. 396.

When hemp has been fwingled a fecond time, and the hurds laid by, they take the ftrikes, and dividing them into dozens, and half dozens, make them up into large thick rolls, which being broached on long fticks, are fet in the chimney corner to dry; after which they lay them in a round trough made for the purpofe, and there with beetles beat them foundly, till they handle, both without and within, as pliant as potfible, without any hardnefs or roughnefs to be felt : that done, they take them from the trough, open and divide the ftrikes as be- fore, and if any be found not fufficiently beaten, they roll them up, and beat them over as before. Diet. Ruft. Beating the wind, verberare contra ventum, was a practice in ufe in the antient method of trial by combat. If either of the combatants did not appear in the field at the time appointed, the other was to beat the wind, or make fo many flourifhes with his weapon, by which he was intitled to all the advantages of a conqueror. Du Cange, GloiT. Lat. T. 4. p. 1 280. Beating the hands or feet, by way of praife or approbation. See

the article Applause. Beating, among book-binders, denotes the knocking a book in Suppl. Vol. I,

quires on a block with a hammer, after folding, and befora binding or Hitching it. See Book-binding, Cycl. c atinc, in the paper-works, fignifies the beating of paper on a ftone with a heavy hammer with, a large, fmooth head, and fho'rt handle, in orderto render it more fmooth, and uniform, and fit for writing. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 308. eating time, in mufic, a method of meafuring and marking the time for performers in concert, by a motion of the hand or foot up and down fueceffively, and in equal times a. Knowing the true time of a crotchet, and fuppofmg the meafure actually (undivided into four crotchets, and the half meafure into two, the hand or foot being up, if we put it down with the very beginning of the nrft note or crotchet, and then raife it with the third, and then down with the beginning of the next mea- fure ; this is called beating the time ; and by practice, a habit is acquired of making this motion very equal b . Each down and up is fometimes called a time, or meafure c .— [ a Sympfon, Compl. Muf. §. 7. p. 14. * Malcolm. Muf. c. 12. §. 2. p. 399. c Sympfi loc. cit]

The general rule is, to contrive the divifion of the meafure fo, that every down and up of the beating (hall end with a particu- lar note, on which very much depends the diftinctnefs, and, as it were, the (enk of the melody. Hence the beginning of every time, or beating in the meafure, is reckoned the accented part thereof. Malcolm, loc. cit.

Beating time is denoted, in the Italian mufic, by the term a battuta, which is ufually put after what they call recitative, where little or no time is obferved, to denote, that here they are to begin again to mark or beat the time exactly. Broffard, Diet. Muf. p. 1 2, feq.

The Romans aimed at fomewhat of harmony in the ftrokes of their oars, and had an officer called portifculus in each galley, whofe bufinefs was to beat time to the rowers ; fometimes by a pole or mallet, and fometimes by his voice alone, Pkife. Lex. Ant T. 2. p. 490.

The antients marked the rhythm in their mufical compofitions ; but, to make it more obfervable in the practice, they beat the meafure or time, and this in different manners. The molt ufual confifted in a motion of the foot, which was raifed from, and ftruck alternately againft the ground, according to the mo- dern method. Doing this was commonly the province of the mafter of the mufic, who was thence called fwp-o%o«^ and KagpfM&<, becaufe placed in the middle of the choir of mufici- ans, and in an elevated fituation, to be feen and heard more eafily by the whole company. Thefe beaters of meafure were alfo called by the Greeks aroSfexWo* and mh*\a$u, becaufe of the noife of their feet j owWpioi, becaufe of the uniformity or monotony of the rhythm. The Latins denominated them pe- darii, podarii, and pedicularii. Burette, in Mem. Acad. Infers T. 7. p. 247. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. ?. p. 399. To make the beats or ftrokes more audible, their feet were ge- nerally fhod with a fort of fandals either of wood or iron, call- ed by the Greeks xgwrefyce, x^vTr«.>,a, x^.v^a, and by the La- tins pedicula, fcabella, or fcabilla, becaufe like to little ftools, or foot-ftools. Sometimes they beat upon fonorous foot- ftools, with the foot fhod with a wooden or iron fole. They beat the meafure not only with the foot, but alfo with the right-hand, all the fingers whereof they joined together, to ftrike into the hollow of the left. He who thus marked the rhythm, was called ??ianudu£lor. The antients alfo beat time or meafure with fhells, as oyfter-fhells, and bones of animals, which they ftruck ag£nft one another, much as the moderns now ufe caftanets, and the like inftruments. This the Greeks called xpsfjtSafaafytv, as is noted by Hefychius. Thefcholiafton Ariftophanes fpeaks much to the fame purpofe. Other noify inftruments, as drums, cymbals, citterns, &c, were alfo ufed on the fame occafion.

They beat the meafure generally in two equal or unequal times; at leaft, this holds of the ufual rhythm of a piece of mufic, marked either by the noife of fandals, or the flapping of the hands. But the other rhythmic inftruments laft-mentioned, and which were ufed principally to excite and animate the dancers, marked the cadence after another manner ; that is, the number of their percuffions equalled, or even fometimes furpafted, that of the different founds which compofed the air or fong played. Burette, lib. cit. T. 7. p. Z43, feq. Beating, drubbing, or Jlripes, make one of the moft antient, as well as univerfal fpecies of punifliment. Among the Ro- mans it obtained, under the denomination of verberare, fujli- gare, flagellars, pulfare, &c d. In later ages it was diftin- guifhed by thole of homicidium % homiplegium f, plagare s, &c. In the Eail it ftill prevails, under the name of ba/lotiade. It is inflicted with a cudgel, which, for its great virtue and efficacy in reforming mankind, is feigned by the Arabs to have come down from heaven h .— [ d Vid. Kenn. Rom. Ant. Not. P. 2. 1. 3. c. 20. p. 143. Pkife. Lex. Ant; T. 2. p. 1050, feq. vac, verbera. Du Cangc, GlofT Lat. T. 2. p. 458. e Id. T. 2. p. 752. f Id. ibid. 753. e Id. T. 4. p. 299. n Sale, Prelim. Difc. to Koran, §. 6. p. 141.] See Bastonado. Some diftinguifti between pulfation and verberation, as if the latter imported a beating with pain, the former without j but the dift'inction is not always kept to. Calv. p. 769. Beating, in the Englifh laws. See Battery, Cycl.

4 N Rolfincfe