Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/267

 BAR

dared to make them frnooth and even; and laftly made into rolls, called pieces of barragan. Savor. Dia. Comm. T. I. p. 4+2, feq. in voc. Btmracm.

BARRATI, barred, an appellation given to the Carmelites, after they were obliged to lay afide the white cap, and wear cowls ftripped black and white. Scbmii. Lex. p. 88. Aubcrt, apud Rkhel. p. i8i.b.

BARRATRY (Cycl.) — Barratry of mariners is fo epidemical on fllip-board, that it is rare if the mafter, be his induftry ever fo great, can prevent it, by reafon of the encouragement one knavifti failor gives another ; yet the law, in fuch cafes, im- putes the offences of the mariners to the neglioence of the mafter, and from him the merchant is to feek for remedy for all goods or merchandize loft, embezzled, or otherwife dam- nified. Molloy, de Jure Maritim. I. 2. c. \. §. 13, feq. By the French ordonnances, infurers are not obliged 10 make good the lofs or damage accruing to a veffel, or its lading, by the fault of the mafter or crew, unlefs, by the forms of the po- licy, they be made accountable for the barratry of the patron. A mafter who, without ncceflity, takes up money on the body provifion or tackling of a fliip, or fells the efTe£ts on board, or, in his account of average, fets down fiaitious expences, ihall pay the value, be declared unworthy of being mafter, and banilhed the port where he ordinarily refided. In fome' cafes, he is alfo fubjecl to corporal puniihment, and even to death, where it appears he willingly threw away the fhip Savar. Dia. Comm. p. 267, feq.

Barratry is alfo ufed for bribery or corruption in a judge, giving a falfe fentence for money. Skene & Cornel, in voc.

Barratry is alfo ufed, in middle-age writers, for fraud or de- ceit in making of contraas, fales, or the like. Du Came, Gloff. Lat T.i.p.4.71.

BARREL (Cycl.) — Barrels are of divers ufes in artillery, as for powder, fmall-ihot, flint, fulphur, faltpetre, rofin, pitch, quick- match, and many other things.

Barrels filled with earth, ferve to make parapets to cover the men, like gabions end canvafs bags. Milit. Dia.

Fire Barrels are casks of divers capacities, filled with bombs, grenados, fire-pots, mixed with great quantities of tow foaked in petrol, turpentine, pitch, &c. ufed by the befieged to de- fend breaches. 1 hefe are fometimes alfo called thundering barrels, being to be rolled down on the enemy on their enter- ing the breach. Ozanam, Difl. Math. p. 538.

Barrel of a pimp is the wooden tube, which makes the body of the engine, and wherein the pifton moves. Own. Dia. Math. p. 54S.

Barrel of a musket, firelock, piftol, or the like, is that part wherein the charge or load is put.

Barrel of a clock is a cylindrical part, about which the ftrinir is wound, anfwering to what in watches is properly called the fit/}: Derbam, Artif. Clock-mak c. I. p. 2.

Barrel of a jack is the cylindrical part whereon the line is wound. Moxon, Mech. Exerc. p. 39.

BARRELLING, the art of putting up ceriain commodities in casks or barrels.

Gun-powder for the land-fetvice is often barrelled double, the barrel it is put in being inclofed in another barrel, pardy to prevent the powder catching moifture in the fubterraneous places it is kept in, and partly to enable it the better to bear the motion and jolting of carriages, when it is to be conveyed to another place. Savar. Supp!"p. 782.

Barrellikc of herring imports the cutting off their heads, as they are thrown into the bufs, and afterwards pulling out the guts, fairing them, and putting them up in barrels. Aubin, Dia. Marin, p. 170. See alfo Collins, Salt, and Fifh. p. 107. There are two forts of barrelled herring ; one wherein they arc laid orderly, layer over layer, called by fome packed herring;— the other wherein they are thrown at random, called hcrrino- in wrack.

The difference arifes thus ; as fall as the fiftermen catch the herrings, they throw them on the deck of the veffel, where having gutted and faked them, they throw them tumultuoufly into the barrel, to be carried home : this is the herring in wrack.

When arrived afhore, they take the fi(h out of thefe barrels, caft them into a tub, and faking them anew, range them hand- fomely in their barrels again, laying fait over them to pre- ferve them : this is the packed herrings. And in this ftate it is they are ufualiy fold. Savar. Dia. Comm. T. 2. p. 974.

BARREN Ground, that which being fowed, produces no crop or, at moft, fo fiender a crop, that it will not defray the charge of its tillage. Vid. Ridl. View of Civ. Law, P. 3. c. 4. §. 4. p. 200.

Barren motley is ufed, in the civil law, for that which is not put out to intereft.

BARRING a Fein, an operation performed by farriers on the veins of horfes legs, and of other parts, in order to flop the courfe, and leffen the quantity, of the malignant humours which prevail there.

It is done by opening the (kin above the part, and, after dif- engaging it, and tying it both above and below, ftriking be- tween the two ligatures.

When horfes have got traverfe mules, or kibed heels, and rat tails, or arrefts in the hinder legs, it is common to barr a vein. i'arr. Dia. p. 52.

BAR

fi ARRITUS, in antiquity, a military ftout, raifed by the Roman foldiers at the firft charge on the enemy. Ker.n. Rom. Ant Not P - '•'•/• c ; 1 1 ■ Pitifc. Lex Am. ' Voff. Etym. p. 65. a.

BARROW, in the Englifli topography, denotes a large hillock or mount of earth raifed or caft up by art ; fuppofed to have been one of the Roman tumuli, or iepulchres. Dr. Plott takes notice of two forts of barrows in Oxfordfhire ; one placed on the military ways, the other in the fields, mea- dows, woods, &c.

The former were doubtlefs of Roman ereaion ; the latter more probably ere3ed by the Britons or Danes. Some of thefe barrows appear rude and tumultuary, ereaed only of earth ; others are more regular, trenched round ; fome with two or three circumvallations, and furmounted with mo- numental ftones. Plott, Nat. Hift. Oxford, c. 10. S. 48, feq Barrows are conical hillocks, generally filtrated on ' places of eminence, on, or near the fummit of downs, and often near the great roads. They are to be met with in feveral parts of England : thofe in Wiltihire are well known. We have an examination of the barrows in Cornwall by Dr. Williams, in the Phil. Tranf. N°. 4 ;8. from whofe obfervations we find, that thefe barrows are compofed of foreign or adventitious earth, that is, fuch as does not rife on the place, but is fetch- ed from fome diftance. On digging into the barrows, flat ttoncs, carefully laid, have been found to cover others under- neath, which were found irregularly mixed ; and underneath thefe again were found a large number of ftones artfully ph.ced and contrived, fo as to form the fhape of a cone, with their points uppermoft, and their largeft parts downwards. Under this heap was found a circle of two feet in diameter, even with the natural furface of the country, and paved with fmall ftones laid edge-ways, their ftiarp point downwards. Thefe ftones being taken up, a cylindrical pit of two feet broad, and two and an half deep, cut out of the natural foil, was obferved : the fides of this pit were carefully lined round with flat ftones ; but none were found at the bottom The ftones of the heap lying over the pit, feemed to have been brought from places at a confiderable diftance.

It has been thought, that thefe barrows were erefled for fe- pulchres ; and this conjeaure feems well confirmed by the urn found in one of them. This urn is made of burnt or cal- cined earth, very hard, and very black in the infide : it has four fmall handles, and in it were found feven quarts of burnt bones and alhes.

That it was the ahtient praaice to burn the dead, is well known ; and from thefe borrows it appears, how the nations, that praaifed this way of burial, exprefl'ed their regard for the dead. It was by ereaing over their alhes thefe barrows, or tu- trtuli, compofed of earth and ftone brought from djftant places ; and the barrow was generally in proportion to the greatnefs, rank, and power of the deceafed perfon. Each foldier or friend might bring fome of the earth or ftones from diftant places where they lived, and thus compofe thetumulus. Many paffages might be quoted from antient authors to this purpofe. See Phil. Tranf. loc. cit.

Barrows, in the falt-works, are cafes made with flat cleft wick- ers, in the fhape almoft of a fugar-loaf, with the bottom up- permoft, wherein the fait is put, as it corns, and fet to drain Vid. Phil. Tranf. N". 53. p. 1065. Bought. Colka.N". 211. p. 81.

BARSANIANI, in church hiftory, a faSt of antient heretics,- who held all the errors of the Severians and Theodofians. Divifions arifing among the Eutichiaiis, or thofe who rejeaed the council of Chalcedon, they broke into parties ; which took denominations from their leaders : the Gajanites from Gajanus ; the Severians from Sevcrus ; the Theodofians and Themijlians from Theodofius and Themiftiusj from whom 1 foon after fprung the Jacobites and Barfanians. The Barfanians are called by M. Fleury, Earfanuphiani. Dia. de Trev. T. 1. p. 888.

BARSE, in ichthyology,an Englifh name for the common pearch, a well known frefh-water fifh. It is alfo the name now in ufe for the fame fifh in the Saxon language, and is one of the many Saxon words we have yet retained. Ray, Ichthvograph. p. 292. See Perca.

BARTSIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, which feems of a middle nature between the euphrafia,pedicularis and rhinanthus. The charaaers are thefe : The perianthium con- fifes of one leaf, and is tubular and permanent : it is bifid at the extremity, and the fegments are emarginated, and are co- loured at the points. The flower confifts of one petal, and is of the ringent kind : the upper lip is erea, narrow, undivided, and longer than the cup : the ftamina are four fetaceous fila- ments of the length of the upper lip of the flower ; but two of them are fhortcr than the others : the antherse are oblong, and ftand clofe together, under the top of the upper lip of the flower : the gcrmen of the piftil is oval ; the ftyle is capillary- and longer than the ftamina ; and the ftigma is obtufe and nutant : the fruit is an oval capfule, of a compreffed fhape, and pointed : it is compofed of two valves, and divided by a' membrane into two cells within : the feeds are numerous, and fmall. Linntsi Gener, Plant, p. 283. BARYPICNI, Bapwwcvci, in the antient mufic, was a name given to fuch chords, as formed the graveft notes of the feveral