Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/265

 BAR

to this. In the country about A\x and Marfcilles, when an olive-tree grows old, and almoft ready for felling, they have a method of making it firft yield all the fruit which it is capable of producing, by cutting a circular ring of bark, an inch broad, from one of its young branches, and in its place putting an equal ring of bark taken from the branch of a young bearing olive-tree ; the effect of this engraftment is, that the branches of the old tree bear plentifully the enfuing year, and thofe of the young one die away. Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1 7 1 \ . p. 60.

From the whole, Mr. Brotherton concludes, that the fap, moft of it, if not all, afcends in the vefTels of the woody part, and not by the bark, nor between the bark and the wood. Philof. Tranf. N°. 187. p. 312.

M. Leuwenhoek, on the other hand, has given feveral expe- riments and obfervations with the microfcope to fhew, that the hark of trees is produced from the wood, not the wood from the bark. In reality, if the origin and nourifhment of the bark came from the root, it would feem to follow, that the parts of the bark near the roots mould be found larger, and ramified into fmaller and fmaller, as they run higher', as the arteries and nerves are the farther they go from the heart and brain ; whereas there is no difference between the bark of the root and trunk. Befides, the veflels of the bark of feveral trees, as the birch, cherry, peach, &c. run not upwards as they do in the afh, oak, elm, nut, apple, pear, &c. but circularly round the fuperfi- cies of the tree; and all bark, whofe veflels run upwards, o-rows thicker as the tree increafes, the outflde cracking, grows dead, and flicks to the young bark underneath, which is the only living part of the bark. The contrary is evident in thofe Barks, the veflels of which run round the tree ; for as the tree increafes, the veffcls not being able to ftretch or feparate from each other, muff, necenarily break afunder; {o that the old bark is eafily feparated and falls off from the new. Hence it is, that fuch trees have always a very thin bark, as is moft evi- dent in the birch-tree. Phil. Tranf. N°. 202. p. 840, feq. Yet M. de Reneaume defended the antient fyftem of the ufe of the bark, and fhews, that moft of the inffances above alleged, are conflftent therewith. The parts of a tree feparated from their whole, he ohferves, may carry with them a ffock of nu- tritious juice, whereby they vegetate : thus the branches of elder, willow, SsV. being cut off,' do neverthelefs produce leaves and young branches, even without fetting them in the ground ; and pieces of fcemingly dry wood have been fome- times known to do the like. How much more then may branches, which ftill grow on the tree, and which of confe- quence can never be fo entirely defrauded of new fap, conti- nue to vegetate ? For tho' none be fuppofed to rife by the bark, which is entirely cut away, and which was the part that before furnifhed the greateft quantity, they may ftill receive fome by the woody part, and more efpecially by the alburnum, or inner rind, which is the fofteft part, as well as the neweft, and that Iikeft bark. Thus we may fuppofe it to have been, that the elm in the Thuilleries continued to grow without hark a whole fummer, by virtue of the ftock of juice it had already imbibed. For the olive-tree mentioned by M. Magnol, it was the better enabled to fubfift without bark, as it is of an oily nature, and that even its wood is faturated with that juice, which, it is known, will keep long, and fpends itfelf flowly. The reafon of its increafed fertility feems to be, that the canals of the young bark grafted on it, being more free and patent than thofe of old ones, perform their nitrations bet- ter. As to the elm of Luxembourg, cited by the fame M. Pa- rent, whofe upper parts appeared ftripped of all their bark al- moft to the ground; upon a nearer examination, it was found to have fibres of the inner hark or liber ftill remaining, which had a communication with the bark which communicated with the branches ; and 'tis probable, by thefe fibres, that the up- per branches of the tree were ftill fed : thefe fibres, by length of time, and the plenty of juices they had tranfmitted, were hardened, and began to form a new ligneous fubftance. Other younger fibres of the fame liber, and which had probably been formed fince the baring of the tree, began to conftitute a new atturnum, which began likewife to be covered with a new bark OT skin. From this inftance, M. Reneaume concludes, that it is of the bark the alburnum is formed ; and as the alburnum is the wood laft formed, the whole wood is, of confequence formed of the lark or liber. The manner of this converfion is defcribed by him. While the alburnum retains any degree of its foftnefs, and ftill partakes of its barky nature, it may pre- ferve the vegetation for fome time ; but when it is become abfolutely wood, it can no longer contribute thereto. The growth of the young branches is moft quick, and the only that reaches to the flowers and the fruit, as being little other than hark itfelf. Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 171 1. p. 57, feq. It feems now certain, from the experiments of M. Bufon, that trees ftripped of their bark the whole length of their Items, die in about three or four years.

But it is very remarkable, that trees thus ftripped ill the time of the fap, and fuffered to die, afford timber heavier, more uniformly denfe, ftronger, and fitter for fervice, than if the tree had been cut down in its healthy ftate. Something of a like nature has been obferved by Vitruvius and Evelyn. °Vid. Mem. Acad. Scienc. 1 738. Suppi.. Vcn. I.

BAR

The bark of trees is fa.id never to be found petrified;, hat fomething has been found about petrified wood, anfwerinV to Fark. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N?, 4 8i. p. s oo. f

As animals are furnifhed with a panniculus adipofus, ufually replete with fat, which inverts and covers all the fleftiy parts, and fereens them from external cold ; plants are encompaflcd with a hark replete with fatty juices, by means whereof the cold is kept out, and, in winter time, the fpiculie of ice pre- vented from fixing and freezing the juices in the vefi'cls : whence it is, that fome fort of trees .remain ever-green the year round ; by reafon their barks contain more oil than can be fpent and exhaled by the fun, £3V. Vid. Ray, Wifd. of God, P. i. p. 103.

Boerhaave mentions eight different fpecies of juices lodged in the fark, viz, the watry fap or chyle, an oil, balm* pitch, refin, colophony, gum, and gummous rofm. Boer/?. New Meth. Chem. P. 2. p. 1 59, feq.

The lark has its peculiar difeafes, and is infected with infects peculiar to it c. Mofs is a difeafe of the bark f. Wounds of the bark often prove mortal 5. — [ * Vid. Phil. Tranf. N°. 296. p._i859. Bradl, New Expcr. Garden. P. 3. p. ,-9. f Vid. Hift. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1 7 1 6. p. 38. $ Mem. Acad. Scienc. ann. 1707 p. 367.]

Of the bark of willows and linden-trees is ordinarily made a kind of ropes. In reality, flax and herrip, with all their toughnefs, are only the fap-veffels, or ligneous fibres of the bark cf thofe plants. Grew, Anat. Veget. 1. ji c. 7. §. 12. See alio Piatt. Nat. Hift. Oxfordih. c. 9. §. no. p. 67. The ^iainefe having no hemp, make their cordage of the bark or rind of the coco-tree 3 and moft of the Afiatic, as well as African and Armenian nations are faid to do the fame h. - In the Caribbees, others make ufe of the mahot, which yields ei- ther ropes or packthread equal to hemp '.— [ h Aubin Diet. Marin, p. 127. ' Savar. Diet. Comm. Supp p. 1 249.]

Bark alfo makes a good manure, efpcciallv that of oak, which is rich in fait ; but the better fort is referved for tanning. Ruft. Diet, in voc.

Seme fpeak ofjhinitig barks of certain trees growing in Jamai- ca. Ray, Phil. Let. p. 210.

Naturalifts fpeak of a fea-plant, which is a bark or rind, and nothing elfe, ordinarily fattened to lithophpa, which have loft their natural bark, either in whole or in part. It only covers naked parts : fometimes alfo it is found to invert ffones. It is of the fubftance of a mufhroom ; its colour a lively red ; its furface befet with a number of bliflers full of a glutinous mice, and furrounded with tubules of an aurora-colour : the inner furface is quite fmooth, and fits itfelf to the form of the body it grows on. It is a kind of fea parafoe, but more wonderful than any of thofe found on land plants, MarftgU, in Hift. Acad. Scienc. 1710. p. 95.

Bark is frequently ufed fimply and abfolutely for quinaquina, ■ quinquina, or the cortex peruvianas, called alfo Jejuits bark.' See Quinquina, Cycl and Peruvian bark, Suppl.

Indian Bark, Tbnris cortex, a medicinal bark brought from the Eaft, rolled up like cinnamon, of a ruffy colour, a warm aromatic, bitter tafte, and pieafant fmell ; fometimes ufed in fumigation againft fits of the mother. AHcyn, Difpenf. p. 1 -;6.

Bark, in fbip-building. Aubin fays, this is a veffel with one deck and three mafts. The largeft fcarce exceeds 100 ton. Auhin, Diet. Marin, p. 67.

The Spaniards have a kind of hark almoft peculiar to them- felves, which carries a huge fail, and for that reafon requires a heavy ballaft — It is a fine failer ; but requires great attention and dexterity to manage it. See its figure and defcription in' Aubin, Diet. Marin, p. 67.

Long Bark, is a fmall veffel without deck, longer and lower than the common barks, being fharp afore, and commonly going both with fails and oars. It is built after the manner of a flocp, and in many places is called a double Hoop. Auhin, Diet. Mar. p. 67, feq.

Armed Bark, a kind of fire-fhip filled with foldicrs, ufed both for making fallies, and to attack galleries, and bar the paffage over them. Fajch. Ingen. Lex. p. 69. a.

Water Barks, are little veflels ufed in Holland' for the carriage of frefh-water to places where it is wanting, as well as for the fetching fca-water to make fait of. They have a deck, and" are filled with' water up to' the deck. Aubin, Diet. Marin. p. 6&.

BARKARY denotes a tan-houfe, or place to keep hark ih, efpecially for tanners. Diet. Ruft. It is otherwife called a hcath-houfc in old writers. Cszvel.

BARKING of trees (Cycl.)— By the French laws, alt dealers are forbid to bark their wood while growing, on the penalty cf 500 livres. Savari, Diet. Ccmm. p. 1847.1x1 Voc. Ejcor-~ cer.

This law was the refulr. 1 of ignorance; it being now found, that barking of trees,- and letting them die, increafes the force of timber. Vid. fupra, in the article Bark.

Barking is alfo a name given to the cry of dogs and foxes. Gent. Recr. P. 1. p. 10.

The term is alfo applied to certain quaint noifes made by fick perfens in fome difeafes.

In cynic fpafms, and epileptic fits, the patient fometimes

fnarls, howls, and larks, in all the notes of a dog k. But it

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