Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/261

 BAR

EAR

In this laft fenfe, it is diftinguifhed by forrie from folecifm, as the latter confifts in a phrafe or compofition of feveral words, the former in a fingle word. But V augelas, and other mo- dern writers, fet afide this diftinction, and extend barbarifms to phrafes, as well as words.

Others make barbarifm to be properly an offence againfl fyn- tax, and only to differ from folecifm in degree ; when the of- fence is grievous, it is denominated afdUajm, when flighter, a barbarifm. Puffier, Gram. Franc. §. 174. In general, under barbarifms are comprehended things written, fpoken declined, or conjugated wrong; or ufed in a wrong quantity, or in an unuibal fenfe; as when a word is ufed which is foreign to the language, and not received by the better and purer fort of writers therein. Such are Jiper for liber, fyUaba for fyllaba, patri for pain's, lexl for legi, bannus for trofcriptio, he, Hederic. Schul. Lex. p. 517. ^uin£i. Inft. Orat. 1. 1. c. 5.

Barbarifm is often charged, with great juftice, on modern writers in the learned language;. The Latin books of late ages are full of Anglicifms, Gallicifms, Gerrnanicifms, &c. ac- cording to the country of the author. But what fhall we fay to Cafp. Scioppius, who accufes Cicero himfelf of harbarjftn in his own language ? Pafch. Invent. Nov. Ant. c. 2. §. 20. p. 70. There are great difputes among critics concerning barbarifms in the New Teftament. Arnobius, St. Auguftin, Gataker, Vitringa, and others, pretend to find Hebraijms, Clllajms, La- tinifms, and even Arablfins therein c. H. Stephens, Schmidius, Blackwel, and others, have defended the facred writers from the imputation of barbarifms. Van den Honert allows of He- braifms, but denies any barbarifms, in the New Tefiament d j which feems to imply a contradiction. — [ c Phil of. Script. Interp. c. 3. p. 18, feq. d V.Budd.lfag. adTheol.l. 2.c. 8..p. 1498.] Divers pious perfons are ftartled at the apprehenfion of any thing like a barbarifm in the infpired books, as fuppofing it an objection to the divinity thereof; yet this does not hinder but many of the Jews, after Abarbancl and others, ftill maintain barbarifms in the Old Teftament ; in which they are feconded by M. Simon, Le Clerc, and others. Divers of the prophets are faid to have been unacquainted with the language they wrote in, particularly Jeremiah. V. Rambach. Inft. Hermen. Sacr. I. 3. c. r. § 8.

Barbarism, Barbaries % is alfo ufed for that rudenefs of mind, wherein the understanding is neither furnifhed with ufeful no- tices, nor the will with good morals. Gentzken. Syft. Phil.

Barbarism is alfo ufed for one of the grand fects or herefies in religion, from which all the reft took their rife. Barbarifm is that ftate of religion, which obtained among man- kind before they were formed into fociety, or compofed a church. Thus it is, Damafcenus fays, barbarifm reigned from Adam to Noah. In which view* thofe who acknowledged the true God, as well as thofe engaged in idolatry, are equally included under barbarifm, it being properly the independency and entire liberty they were left under, that is intimated by the appellation barbarifm.

Others will have it, that barbarifm, which they alfo call fy thifm, denotes atheifm, or the errors of thofe, who, according to the Pfalmift, fay in their heart, there is no God : fome ancients, according to St. Epiphanius, held that barbarifm reigned till the deluge, and fcytbifm from the deluge to Sarug when heatbenifm commenced ; but that divifion feems with out foundation. V. Diet, de Trev. T. 1. p. S62.

BARBAROUS, in a general fenfe, fomething that partakes of the quality of barbarifm. See Barbarism In this fenfe we fay a barbarous nation, age, writer, word, or the like.

Barbarous Words are thofe ufed contrary to the cuftom of the beftages of a language. Thorn. Brat. Rhet. c. 20. § z, feq. Under barbarous words or terms are included obfolete and anti- quated, as well as novel and foreign, or unadopted words. Words are either barbarous by foreign origin, or ufe : thofe barbarous by ufe are various, as the barbarifm is either a He- hraifm, Grecifm, or Latinifm, &c.

There are alfo barbarous pbrafes, where all the words they confift of are pure, but the compofition or application unufual or foreign.

Barbarous Latin words are innumerable ; the fchoolmen are full of; them : the chemifts, phyficians, lawyers, can fcarce write intelligibly without them c. Du Cange has given two large volumes in folio of barbarous Latin words, and as many of barbarous Greek words f .— [ c V. Tribbech. de Doct. Scho- laft. ( Walch. Hift.Crit. Ling. Lat. c. 2. §. 13.] The modern or vulgar Greek is fomctimes called barbarous Greek, barbaro~grcca y or Greco-barbara lingua. Langius has published Pbilokgla barbaro-greca, Gramatlca barbaro-grecay or Gloffarhim barbaro-grecum. V. Budd. Ifag. ad Theol. 1. 2. c.

BARBARY-Caw, in zoology. See Vacca Barbarica. BARBATUS Pifis, in ichthyology, a name given by Salvian, . and fome others, to thejilurus, called in Englim, the Jbeat- ff) ; the glanus of Pliny and the ancients. This is charactered by Artedi by the name of the flurus with four cirri, or beards, at the mouth. By this it is diilinguiihed from the fifh called the lake, or alhiffa % which, tho' a genuine fpecies of Jilurus, has only one beard, Suppl. Voi.. I.

BARBED, in heraldry, is undcrftood of a cock, when his comb' and wattles are of a different colour from the reft of the body. In which cafe, he is faid to be barbed and c, efled. Coats* Her. Diet. p. 26. A Crofs Barbed, Croik barbee, is that whofe extremities are fafhioned like the barb of iron fpears or inftruments ufed for ftrikingfun, bV. Coats, Ibid. BARBEL, in ichthyology. See Barbus. BARBELICOTjE, an ancient feet of gnoftics, fpoke of by Theodoret. The doctrine of the Barbelicota was, that one of the /Eons, poffeffed of immortality, had commerce with a virgin 1 fpirit .named Barbckth, who demanded of him, firft prefcience, then incorruptibility, and laftly eternal life; all which were granted to her: that being one day in a gayer humour than ordinary, me conceived^ and afterwards brought forth, light, which being perfe&ed by the unction of the fpirir, was called Chrift : the child Chrift defired to have underftand- ing, m. and obtained it : after which, underftanding, reafon, incorruptibility, and Chrift, united together; arid from their union arofe Autogenes, Aifoyims To thefe" fables they add di- vers others. Their ceremonies were fo full of abominations, that they became alfo denominated Barbarism. Vid. Diet, de Trev. T. i. p. 867. BARBERRY-TREE, Bcrberis, is very eafily and plenti- fully propagated from the fuckers taken from the roots of the old plants, which may be planted cither in October or Febru- ary, and fucceed beft in a ftrong loamy foil. They may be either produced from feeds, or by laying down the branches ; but the fuckers are commonly fo plentiful, as to make it un- neceffary. 'Miller's Gard. Dic~h

t his medicinal fhrub is ufed both in the berry and bark, tho' with oppofite intentions.

The berry is of an agreeable, cooling, aftringent tafte, ufed chiefly in conferve to quench thirft, and ftrengthen the fto- mach : yet the bark is, by experience, found an aperient and detergent. That which grows neareft the tree is moll efteem- ed. It is rarely found in difpenfatory compofitions, but much in extemporaneous prefcription, againft the jaundice^ and other diforders from foulnefs and obftructions of the vifcera. gfetinc, Difpenf. BARBET, in natural hiftory, a name given by M. Reaumur, and other of the French writers, to a peculiar fpecies of the worms which feed on the pucerons.

This worm is more particularly called barbet blanc, as alfo he- rijfon blanc, or white hedgehog, from its being covered with oblong white tufts of filaments, which ftand in the manner of the quills of a hedgehog or porcupine, M. Reaumur calls thefe tufts of filaments, fpines, not to fignify that they are capable of pricking, for they have no fuch power ; but to ex- prefs their manner of arrangement on the body of the animal. There is, indeed, no proper name to cail them by among all thofe ufed for the parts of other animals, fince there is nothing in the animal world at all like this fubftance, except the down on fome of the pucerons.

This creature is of the fiie of a fmall fly without its wings ; but this tufted covering fo much encreafes the bignefs.j that it appears of the fixe of a fly of the largeft kind. The fpines of this animal have neither the hardnefs of fpines, nor the confidence of hairs ; their furface is rough, not po- liftied and gloffy, like that of hairs ; but they refemble, in their fpungy texture, a filament of cotton. AH thefe fpines or tufts of cotton are arranged in fix lines, as evenly parallel to one another, as the fhape of the animal's body will permit. Each of thefe lines reaches over the whole upper part of the body, following the courfe of one of the rings. The feveral fpines, which compofe each line, almoft touch one another at their bafes ; but as they all ftand perpendicular, and are placed on a convex furface, they are confiderably diftant from one another at the points. In fome places, they are nearly of the fame diameter all the way up ; and in others, they gradu- ally taper from a broad bafe to a roundifti blunt point, re- fembhng a cane in ihape. The tufts on different infects of this fpecies are of different lengths. In the common kinds, they are fhortj and ftand perfectly erect j but in fome they are fo long, as not to be able to fupport their own weight, but bend into hooks. The points of thefe have very different di- rections ; thofe of each fide bending upwards ; thofe near the tail towards the tail ; and thofe near the head towards the head. In fome other fpecies they have directions very differ- ent even from thefe ; and in all the fpecies, every fingle tuft has its irregularities, and is feen to be compofed of feveral cot- tony filaments of unequal lengths, which are knotty and rough in feveral places ; and when touched, they fee"! fof t like cotton- It is alfo very remarkable, that on being touched, they always adhere to the fingers, and are h loofly connected with the body of the animal, that on rubbing the finger over it ever fo lightly, they all come off, and leave it naked. The' creature then appears green, and of a very different figure from what it had before ; and the tufts lofe their figure, and appear only a- congeries of round grains of a cottony matter. The fudden change in fize and appearance in the creature, makes it look as if it had undergone a transformation.

It is evident from obfervation, that the matter of which the

tufts, which cover the body of this animal, are made, is of a

t 4 G very