Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/260

 BAR

BAR

handle, whereby the fcrewof theprefs is turned in printing.

See Printing, and Press, Cycl. Bars of Iron are made of the metal of the fows and pigs, as

they come from the furnaces.

Thefe pafs through two forges, called the finery and the cbau- fery ; where, undergoing five feveral heats, they are formed

into bars. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N-uS. p. 934- Bought. Co\-

]e<5r. N° 273. T. 2. p. 224, feq. See Iron, and Forgf,

Cycl Bar, in heraldry, is confidered by fomeas a diminutive of the

fefs. The (pace the former poflefTes in the field, is one fifth,

or fixth ; that of the latter, one third, horizontally. Nisi. Efl.

of Arm. in fine.

The bar itfelf has its diminutives, which are the clofct and ber-

rulet.

The bar of legitimate cadets proceeds from right to left ; that

of baffards, from left to right. Aubert. ap. Richel. T. 1,

p. 180. a. HAR-Gcmelf denotes a double bar, or where the bars are placed

in couples, at a fmall diftance, and more than two in the field,

in even number. Cart. p. 129. Ear, or Barrier of a Port, is a long beam wherewith the en- trance of a port is clofed ; more frequently called a boom. Au-

bin. Diet. Marin, p. 72. Ba r is alfo ufed for a heap of fand or mud, or a chain of rocks,

which block up the mouth of a river, or port, fo that there is

no entrance except at high-water.

The bar of Siam is a bank of mud, gathered at the mouth of

the river, which allows not above thirteen feet water, when

the tide is higheft. Aubin. ibid. Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 162.

P* 685 " BAR-Ma/ler, in mining, he who keeps the gage, or dim, to

meafure all miners ore ; he, qr his fervant, being pvefent when meafured. Vid. Houghton s Compleat Miner, in the Explana- tion of the Terms of Art.

BARANGI {Cycl) — Codinus % and Curopalata, obferve, that the name is Englifh, formed from bar, tofhut; and that the Sarangi were Englifhmen, by country ; Anglo-Danes, who, being driven out of England, were received into the fervice cf the emperor of Conftantinople, and made guards or protec- tors of his perfon b . Whence they are called in Latin, by Cujaccius, Protetlores ; by others, Securigeri, as being armed with a battle-ax, fecuris. Codinus adds, that they ft ill fpoke the Englifh tongue. Anna Comnena fays, the Barangi came from the ifland Thide; by which is, doubtlefs, meant our ifland. Yet Nicetas makes them Germans ; a miftake eafy to be made at that diftancc, confidering the relation the Anglo- Saxons bore to Germany c .— [ a De Offic. Conftant. c. 5. n. 45. b Du Cange, Glou. Grasc. T. 1. p. 175. ? Vid. Trev. Diet. Univ. T.i. p. 857.]

There were Ba?-angi as early as the emperor Michael Paphla- gonius, in the year 1035, as appears from Cedrenus ; but they were then only common foldiers, not a life-guard. Their commander was called Axt;?,t;G©-, as importing a perfon who always followed the emperor.

BARATHRUM, BogoSgo*, among the ancient Athenians, a deep pit into which condemned criminals were caft headlong. The barathrum was a dark noifome hole, having fharp fpikes at the top, to prevent any efcape ; and others, at the bottom, to pierce and lacerate the offender. V. Pott. Archasol. Grac. 1. 1. c. 25

From its depth and capacioufnefs, the name came to be ufed proverbially for a mifer, or a glutton, always craving. in which fenfe, the word barathro is ufed among the Latin poets. Vid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 250. Fabric. Thef. T. 1. P. 334-

Barathrum is alfo ufed, in phyfiology, to denote certain bale- ful caverns, inacceffible on account of their fetid, or poifonous fumes.

Thefe amount to the fame with what others call Fojfic Charo- ?ii&. Caji. Lex. Med. p. 165. a.

BARB, or Ba r bk, in the manege, a horfe brought from Barbary. See Barbe, Cycl.

Thefe horfes are ufually very beautiful ; they are of a flcnder make, and have very fine limbs, and fine turned bodies. The Spanifh and Englifh horfes have much fuller bodies, and larger legs.

The barb is little inferior to the Arabian or Turkifh horfe ; but he is efteemed, by our dealers, too tender and delicate to breed upon. The Turkifh and the Spanifh horfe are therefore ufu- ally kept, for this purpofe, by the nicer judges. The harb is very lazy and negligent in all its motions; he will Humble in walking upon the fmoothefl ground; his trot is like that of a cow, and his gallop very low, and very eafy to himfelf : this fort of horfe is, however, for the moll pjrt fmewy, nervous, and excellently winded ; he is therefore good for a courfe, if not over-weighted.

The mountain barbs are accounted the heft, becaufe they are the larger! and ftrongeft : they belong to the Allarbes, who va- lue themfelves much upon them, and are as fond of them as other nations are ; for which reafon it is not eafy to get at any of them. 7 he common barbs are not uncommon among our people of fafhion. They may ufually be bought in Provence

and Languedoc in France, at a moderate price, and many of the Englifh have them from thence.

Barbs,^zmong us, fall fhort of that fwiftnefs, attributed to them in their native country. Tills may be accounted for, partly from the fmallndfs and lightnefs of their riders, and partly from their not being loaded with heavy faddles and bridles, as in Europe, nor even with fnocs. An Arab faddle is only a cloth girt round, with a pair of light ftirrups, and a fort of pummel to fuftain them. Corn. Diet, des Arts, T. 1. p. 89. a.

Bajlard Barbs, defcending from the beft Englifh marcs, covered by barb ftallions, arc, by experience, conftantly found both better fhaped and fitter for the faddle, and ftronger for fer- vice than their fires. Phil. Tranf. N° 105. p. 53.

Barb is alfo ufed for the Barlary pigeon, called alfo by Moore the columba Numidica.

This is but a fmall pigeon, and has a very fhort beak like a bullfinch, with a fmall water, and a naked circle of tuberofe red flefh round the eyes ; the iris of the eye is of a pearl cc-lour, and the broader and reder this circle round them is, the more the pigeon is valued ; but this is always narrow while they are young, and does not arrive at its full breadth till they are four years old. Some of this fpecies have a tuft of feathers behind their head, and others not. The red circle round their eyes grows pale and whitifh, if they become fick ; but always re- covers its rednefs as they grow well: their proper colour is black,or dun. There are likewife pyed ones; hut they are of a mixed breed, and not fo valuable. Moore's Columbar. p. 50.

BARBA Aran, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the common great houfelcek. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

Barba Copra, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals, arranged in a circular form ; the cup is made only of one leaf, and from it arifes a piftil, which finally becomes a fruit? compofed of feveral fmaH capfules, collected into a fort of head ; each capfule containing only one feed, and that ufually of an oblong figure. Of this genus Mr. Tournefort allows only one fpecies, the common barba capra, or, as it is called by fome, drymopogon. Tourn. Lift. p. 265.

Barba Jews, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the papiliona- ceous kind, and its piftil, which arifes from the cup, finally becomes a fhort, and ufually an oval pod, containing a roun- difh fhaped feed.

The fpecies of Barba Jovis, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe : 1. The beautiful Aiming Barba Jovis. 2. The dwarf hairy Barba Jovis, with globular purple flowers, 3. The fhrubby, haresfoot-like, Cretic Barba Jovis, with hoary'leaves, and large purple flowers, in fpikes. 4. The yellow flowered, hoary fpiked Barba Jovis. 5. The Eaft Indian Barba Jovis, with conjugated leaves, hoary underneath. 6. The fmall Por- tugal Barba Jovis, with little variegated flowers. Tourn. Inft. p. 6 ? r.

BARBARICARII, in antiquity, a kind of artifls, who, with threads of divers colours, exprefl'ed the figures of men, ani- mals, and other things a ; or, as others defcribe them, thofe whofe bufinefs was to gild, and to decorate fhields and helmets with gold and filver b .— [ a Donat. ad 1 1 JEn. v. 777. b Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 1. p. 474.J

The Barbaricarii were fo called, becaufe they learned this kind of painting from the Phrygians c, who were particularly deno- minated Barbarians, in regard of their oppofition to the Greeks d ; though the name is fometimes alfo written Bran- baricarii. — [ c BriJJ. de Verb. Sijmif. p. 77. Pitifc.hex. Ant. T. 1. p. 261. b. d Fabr. Thef. p. 337. See alfo FfffiEtym. p. 63. b.]

Barbaricarii fcem alfo to have been ufed for foldiers or offi- cers, who wore masks and vizzards, thus adorned with gold and filver. Trev. Diet Univ. T. 1. p. 860.

BARBARICUM, in antient writers, is ufed for a military fhout, raifed by the foldiers on point of engagement. Fell. This is called barbaricum from the barbarians, in whofe armies this method of fhouting much obtained.

The fame appellation was given to a war, or expedition, un- dertaken againft the barbarians. — ^uoujque adipfum tempus quo barbaricum gxortum eft inter nos iff vos. Aqidn. Lex. MUit. T. I. p. 1 14.. Du Cange, loc. cit.

Barbaricum was alfo ufed for an armoury, or magazine, where- in the Greek emperors kept the fpoils,and donaries, taken from the barbarians in time of war or peace.

Barbaricum is alfo an appellation given by the modernGreeks to rhubarb.

It is thus called from the Sinus Barbaricus^ by the wav of which this root was firft brought to them. Friend, Hill, of Phyf

p. .. P. ,i 5.

BARBARISM {Cycl:)— Authors differ in affigningthe particular rafters and limits of a barbcrifm. Cicero, or whoever is au- thor of the books to Herennius % defines it, a vicious pronun- ciation of a word. Suidas b, and others, a word ufed con- trary to the cuffom of approved writers. Others, more gene- rally, a werd either written or pronounced, contrary to the ge- nius or laws of the language.— [» Rhetor, ad Heren. 1. 4 c. 12. » Smd. Lex. T. 1. p. 415.]

In