Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/232

 AVE

The trees moft proper for Avenues with us, are the EngUfh elm, the lime, the horfe-chefnut, the common chefnut, the beech, and the abele. The Englifh elm will do in all grounds, except fuch as are very wet and fhallow; and this is prcfer'd to all other trees, becaufe it will bear cutting, head- ing, or lopping in any manner, better than moft others. The rough or fmooth Dutch elm is approved by fome, be- caufe of its quick growth; this is a tree which will bear removing very well, it is alfo green almoft as foon as any plant whatever in fpring, and continues fo as long as any, and it makes an incomparable hedge, and is preferable to all other trees for lofty efpaliers. The lime is valued for its regular growth, and fine fhade : The horfe chefnut is proper for all places that are not too much expofed to rough winds. The common chefnut will do very well in a good foil, and rifes to a confiderable height, when planted fomewhat clofe, tho* when it ftands angle, it is rather inclin'd to fpread than to grow tall. The beech is a beautiful tree, and naturally grows well with us in its wild ftatc, but it is lefs to be chofen for Avenues than the before-mentioned, becaufe it does not bear tranfplanting well, but is very fuhject to mifcarry. Laftly, the abele is fit for any foil, and is the quickeft grower of any foreft tree. It feldom fails in tranfplanting, and fucceeds very well in wet foils, in which the others are apt to fail. The oak is but little ufed for Avenues, becaufe of its flow growth.

The old method of planting Avenues was with regular rows of trees, and this has been always kept to till of late ; but we have now a much more magnificent way of planting Avenues, this is by fetting the trees in clumps, or plattoons, making the opening much wider than before, and placing the clumps of trees at about three hundred feet diftance from one other. In each of thefe clumps there fhould be planted either feven or nine trees ; but it is to be obferved, that this is only to be pradtifed where the Avenue is to be of fome confiderable length, for in ihort walks this willnotappear fo fightly as fingle rows of trees. The Avenues made by clumps are fitteft of all for parks. The trees in each clump Ihould be planted about thirty feet afun- der, and a trench fhould be thrown up round the whole clump, to prevent the deer from coming to the trees to bark them. Miller's Gardner's Diet, in voc.

AVER Land, in our old writers, feems to have been fuch lands as the tenants did plough and manure, cum Averiis fw's, for the proper ufe of a monaftery, or the lords of the foil. Mpn. Angl. ap. Blount.

AVER A, indoomfday-book, denotes a day's work of a plough- man, or other labourer, which the king's tenants in his de- mefne lands were obliged to pay the fheriff. Spelm. Gloff. p. 5*- a-

AVERAGE, in agriculture, a term ufed by the farmers in many parts of England, for the breaking of corn fields, eddifh, or roughings. The word fignifics, in law, either the beafts which tenants and vaflals were to provide their lords on cer- tain occafions, or, among the merchants, the money laid out to repair lofTes by fhipwreck. In the firft of thefe fenfes, the word is derived from averium, a labouring beaft ; in the fe- cond, from averia, goods or chatties ; from the French, avoir, to have or poflefs. In the laft, or the farmer's fenfe, it may be derived from haver, an Englifh name for oats, or from averia, beafts, being as much as feeding for cattle or pafturage. Ray's Englifh Words, p. 3.

AVERIIS capt'is in Withernam, a writ for the taking of cattle to his ufe, who hath cattle unlawfully diftrained by another, and driven out of the county where they were taken, fo that they cannot be replevied by the fherift*. Reg. orig. 82. 1 If the cattle are put into any ftrong place in the fame county, the fherift may take the pofle comitatus, and break into it, to make the replevin. But when they are driven out of the county, he hath no authority to purfue them. Blount, Cswel.

AVERRHOA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The perianthium is fmall, erect, and compofed oft five leaves. The flower is compofed of five lanceolated petals, which {land erect on the lower part, and are expanded at the top. The ftamina are ten fetaceous filaments, half of which are of the length of the flower, and the other halffhorter; thefe ftand alternately together, and are terminated by roundifti apices or antherae. The germen of the piftil is oblong, and faintly pentangular ; the ftyles are five in number, and are fetaceous and erect ; and the ftigmata are fimple. The fruit is a turbinated pomum, obtufely pen- tangular, having five cells, and in each of them feveral feeds of an angular form, feparated by membranes. Linnai, Gen. Plant, p. 201. Hort. Malab. v. 3. p. 47.

AVERRHOISTS, a feet of peripatetic philofophers, who ap- peared in Italy fome time before the reftoration of learning, and attacked the natural immortality of the foul. They took their denomination from Averrhoes, a celebrated interpreter of Ariftotle, born at Cordova in Spain, in the twelfth century, from whom they borrowed their diftinguifh- ing doctrine. The founder of this feet, Averrhoes* is fome-

AUG

times called the commentator, by way of eminence, as being fuppofed to have entered beft of all the commentators into the fentiments of the philofopher j infomuch that fome have pretended the foul of Ariftotle had migrated into the body of Averrhoes. V. Stoll. Introd. Hift. Liter, p. 655. Thomas* Cautel. P.I. p. 88. Fives de Corrupt. Art. 1. 5. 179. This author attacked what theGreek interpreters and commen- tators had all taught. He maintained that, according to Ariftotle, and even according to reafon (which was then thought the fame thing) the immortality of the foul could not fubfift. His reafoning was thus — Mankind, according to Ariftotle, is eternal ; fo that if fouls don't perifh, we muft either have recourfe to a metempfychofis, which that philo- fopher rejects ; or, if there be always new fouls producing, there muft at length be an infinity of fouls. But an actual infinity is impoflible, according to the fame Ariftotle. Con- fequently the fouls, i. e. the forms of organical bodies muft die with theirbodies ; at leaf! the paffive underftanding belonging peculiarly to each ; fo that nothing remains but the intellectus agens, which iscommontoall mankind; and which, accordingto Ariftotle, was external, and operated wherever it met with or- gans difpofed thereto : As the wind produces a kind of mufic, when it happens to blow into the pipes of a well adjufted or- gan. The Averrhoifts took this for an invincible demonftra- tion, and hence held that there is a certain fublunar intelli- gence, the participation whereof made our intelleclus agens.

Others, among the fchool philofophers, lefs implicitly de- voted to Ariftotle, held an univerfal foul, the ocean of all par- ticular fouls ; and believed this univerfal alone capable of fub- fifting for ever, while particular ones are born and die ; i. e. rife out of it, and return into it, or are reunited therewith. The fouls of animals rife by withdrawing like drops out of their ocean, when they find a body proper for them to ani- mate; and perifh by rejoining the ocean of fouls, when the body becomes unfit, as rivulets lofe themfelves in the fea. And many held that God is the univerfal foul ; the others fup- pofed it fubordinate, and created.

The anima mundi of Plato has been taken by fome in this fenfe. But it was more likely the ftoics fhould give into this common foul, which abforbs all others. Thofe who are of this opinion may be called monopfychites, in regard there is, according to them, only one foul which truly fubfifts. M. Bernier obferves, that this opinion obtains almoft univerfally among the learned in Perfia, and the ftatcs of the. Great Mogul. It feems alfo to have got among the cabalifts and my- flic divines — Spinofa was much of the fame opinion ; teaching that there is but one fingle fubftance in the world, whereof particular or individual fouls are only tranfient modifications. Several late authors in Germany have held fomething like it. The deification of the myftics, according to Leibnitz, is a rivulet from the fame fountain.

The Averrhoifts* who held that the foul was mortal, accord- ing to reafon, or philofophy, yet protefted to fubmit to the chriftian theology, which declares it immortal. But the diftinction was held fufpicious; and this divorce of faith from reafon, was rejected by the doctors of that time, and con- demned by the laft council of the Lateran, under Leo X th. yet it was ftill maintained covertly : Pomponatius, Casfalpi- nus, and others, were fufpected of it. But the corpufcular philofophy now introduced in Italy, feems almoft to have ex- tinguifhed Averrhoifm. Walch. Parerg. Acad. p. 321. Leib- nitz, Theod. §. 7. feq. Bud. Comp. Hift. Philof. c. 5. §. 4. Bayle in Averrhoes. It. in Niphus.

AVERSIONE Vanire, or Locare, in writers of the civil law, feems to denote the felling, or letting things in the lump, without fixing particular prices for each piece. Br if. de Verb. Signif. p. 70. a. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 100. b. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 206. a,

AVERTI, in horfemanfhip, is applied to a regular ftep or motion enjoined in the leffons. Gut 11, Gent. Diet. P. 1. in voc..

In this fenfe they fay, Pas averti, fometimes Pas ecoute* and Pas d'ecole, which all denote the fame. The word is mere French, and Signifies advifed, apprized, fefV.

AUGITES, AuyiT*if, among ancient naturalifts, a kind of gem, of a pale green colour, inferior in value to the topaz. Agric* Foffil. 1. 6. p. 292. Cajl. Lex. Med. in voc. It is ufually fuppofed the fame with the callais or calais, tho* this was difputed even in Pliny's time. Hift. Nat. 1. 37. c. 10.

AUGURAL, fomething relating to the augurs. The Augural inftruments are reprefented on feveral antient medals. V. Evel. Difc. of Med. c. 2. p. 33.

Augural Supper, Cana Auguralis, that given by a prieft oa his firft admiffion into the order, called alfo by Varro Adji- c'talis. De re ruft. L 3* c. 6.

Augural Books, libri Augurales, thofe wherein the discipline and rules of augury were laid down. Cic, de Divinat. 1. I. c. 33.

AUGURALE, the place in a camp where the general took

aufpicia.