Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/214

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word Aropb imports as much as Aroma Pbilofopborum; by which, on other occafions, was denoted faffron By this it fhould feem, that Aroph was a preparation of farrron ana rye- bread, digefted with fpirit of wine, in a horfe-dung heat, and at length diftilled. , . „ ,

Cnoeffelius gives the procefs at large, as deduced chiefly by coniefiure, from two paffages in Paracelfus. V. Cmeffel. in Ephem. Acad. N. C. Dec. i. an. 4. obf. 109.

Aroph Paracelft is alfo a name given to a kind of chemical flowers, elegantly prepared by fublimation, from equal quan- tities of lapis bamatitis and fal armoniac; faid to be of great efficacy in quartan agues, the plica polonica, and hypochon- driac difeafe. V. Hoffm. Clav. Schrod p. 179. Boerb. Elem. Chem. P. 2. p. 35. Junck. Confp. Therap. tab. 16. p. 454. This is alfo called Aroma Philofopborum.

Aroph is alfo ufed to denote Mandragora. Rul. Lex Alcn. p. 71. See Mandragora, Cycl. and Suppl.

ARORNOS, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the juniper. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. •

ARQUATA, in zoology, the name of a bird, called alio by fome numenius, and commonly known in England by the name of the Curlew.

The male, in this fpecies, is fomewhat fmaller than the fe- male, and is called the Jack Curlew. It is a confiderably large bird, weighing 28 ounces. Its head, neck, and back are covered with feathers blackifh in the middle, and greyifh and tawney at the edges. On the throat and breaft, the mid- dle of the feathers are blackifh alfo, and their edges white, or a little tawney. The belly and the rump are white. Its wings are mixed of black and white. Its beak is black, extremely long, (lender, and crooked. Its legs are alfo long, and of a bluifli brown. It is well known to be a very delicately tafted bird. Ray's Ornithology, p. 217.

Arouata Minor, in zoology, the name ufed by authors for the bird called by our fportfmen the Wlmbril. See the article Wimbrel.

ARRACHE'E, in heraldry, is uderftood of reprefentations of plants forcibly torn up by the roots, with their roots hanging at them. Nijb. Herald.

In this fenfe Arracbee amounts to the fame with what is other- wife called eradicate, or erafed.

ARRACK. Seethe article Rack.

ARRENDARE, in antient law books. See the article Arren-

TATION, Cycl.

Arrendare is alfo ufed, in the Scotfifh law, for the letting out the ufe of a thing, in conuderation of a certain rent. Skrn. de Verb. Signif. p. 10.

ARREPTUS, in middle age writers, denotes a dasmomac, or perfon poffeffed. This is alfo written Arrepticius. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 340. „.

In this fenfe we meet with Arrepti a Damone Homines. I he Arrepti were not to be admitted to holy orders.

ARREST (Cycl.)—Arrejls, or Arrets, among farriers, denote a fort of mangy tumours on the finews of the hind legs of a horfe, between the ham and the poftern ; called alfo Rat-tails. Guill. Gent. Difi. in voc.

The name is taken from the refemblance they bear to the Arretes, or back-bones of fifties. Arrets bear a near refemblance to fcratches.

Arrests of foldiers. See Soldiers.

ARRESTOGRAPHER is applied, by fome French writers, to thofe who have publifhed colleflions of Arrets. Richel. Dift. T.i. p. 126. a.

In this fenfe Papon, Louet, Brodean, Henrys, &c. are cele- brated Arrejhgrapbers.

ARREYERS, Arraiatores, in our ftatutcs, officers that had the care of the foldiers armour, and whofe bufinefs it was to foe them duly accoutred. Stat. 12. R. 2. c. 6. In feveral reigns, commiffioners have been appointed for this purpofe. Cowel.

ARRHAPHON, Ae e «p», denotes a fkull without futures, found to be the caufe of incurable cephalalgias. Cajl. Lex. in voc. Arrbabon.

ARRHENOGOGON, in botany, a name given by fome to the parietaria, or pellitory of the wall. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

ARRIAGI, in the materia medica, a name given by fome au- thors, particularly by Serapio and Avifenna, to a fine kind of camphor.

It is fomctimes written Alriagi and Alriacbi, or fimply Riachi. It feems to be very nearly allied to that fine kind, called Can- fur or Canzuri ; and authors in general agree, that it is the fame fort, purified by art. They fay, that the Canzuri had its name from a place called Canfur, where it was produced, and that the Alriagi was called fo from the name of a certain king of that country, who firft found out the method of whitening it by refining.

It is evident that the Arabians fpeak of the alcanfuri and Al- riagi as very little differing ; and Avifenna places them together as the bell: camphor, mentioning after them the alazed and alazrac, as of inferior value. It is faid, that the name of this monarch who invented the method of purifying camphor, was Riach, and that it was done by means of the fun's heat, tho' fome fay by fire. It is certain, that we in Europe ufe fire in

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this procefs, but we do not know wlsat the fun may be able to do there.

ARROJ3AS, or Arobas, a weight ufed in Spain, Portugal, and the foreign dominions of both.

The Arrobas of Portugal is alfo called Arata, and contains thirty-two Liibon pounds ; that of Spain contains twenty-five Spanifli pounds.

In Peru it is called Arroue. Savar. DicT Coium. T. i. p. 154. in voc. Arobe. See Arroue.

ARROUE, orAROUE, a weight ufed in Peru, and other parts of the Spanifb, America.

The Aroue is no other than the Spanifh Arroba. It weighs twenty-five pounds, French weight. Its chief ufe is in weigh- ing the herb paraguay, ufed in thefe countries for tea, in fuch quantity, that Peru alone confumes feventy-five thoufand Arouas in a year. Savar. Di&. Com. T. i. p. 154.

ARROW, (Cycl.) in furveying, is ufed for fniall itrait flicks about two feet long, fhod with iron ferrils. Their ufe is to ftick into the ground, at the end of die chain. See Survey- ing, Cycl, and Suppl.

E^tVArrows. See ELF-Arrows.

Magical Arrows. See the article Magical.

ARS Theffallca, Thejfallan Art, is ufed by antient writers, for a fpecies of magic, whereby it is pretended, they could draw the moon and ftars out of heaven. Struv. Synt. Antiq. Rom. c. 6. p. 307.

It was denominated "Thejfalian from its fuppofed inventors, the people of Theflaly.

ARSE Verfe, in antiquity, a term, or formula, inferibed on doors, to prevent fire.

It is faid to be of Tufcan origin, where the word Arfe fignifies avert, and Verfe fire. Vid. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 181. a.

ARSELLA, in botany, a name given by fome of the Greek writers, to the Argemone, a kind of wild poppy ; and by others, to the common Agrimony. Both one and the other of thefe plants they alfo at times called Sarcocolla.

ARSENICfCy/) — This fubftance being reduced to a finepowder, and well mixed with fome of the calcareous earths, and fuch as are not to be affec~ted by fire, is rendered, by this manage- ment, much more fixed than in its own nature. If to this mixture a little tartar be added, and it be then moiftened with water, and prefTed down with fmall plates of iron, in a veflel able to refift the greateft fire, and this vefTel be clofed every way, except a fmall aperture, and expofed to a violent fire, the matter is converted into a white brittle regulus of iron, not to be reduced to its former ftate, but by long continuance in an open fire.

If copper be treated in the fame manner with Arfenlc, it ac- quires the fame whitenefs, but ftill retains its malleability in a great degree, efpecially if it be afterwards melted with tartar and borax, that all the fuperfluous Arfenlc may be evaporated. Tin and Arfenlc mixed, and fet over the fire, turn imme- diately to aih.es.

Lead mixed with Arfenlc, and expofed to the fire, is, in great part, immediately carried away in form of a thick fmoak ; the remainder is a glafs of a fine farrron colour. Silver is alfo penetrated by Arfenlc in the fame manner, and lofes its malle- ability ; but the Arfenlc vanifhes from it in a ftrong fire, in the form of a fmoak. Gold, penetrated by Arfenlc, becomes very brittle, and lofes its colour ; and, being fuddenly thrown into a violent fire, part of it is fublim'd. Arfenlc is in itfelf more fixed than fulphur, and may be very ftridlly united to feveral metals, earths, and ftones, not ex- cepting even glafs itfelf, the vitrefcent ftones, and falts ; fo that it remains with them, tho' melted in the nioft violent fire, evaporating but little ; and when forced away by the joint action of air and fire, always carries away a part of the fubftances it was mixt with. The glafles in which this pe- netrating body is fublim'd, are alfo pervaded by its vapours, 'fo that they become white throughout their whole fubftance. It melts in many of the matrixes, in which it lies hidden, when fuddenly put into a ftrong fire. Thus in the white Pyrites, which is a fubftance hardly to be conquered by fire alone, becaufe it contains a great quantity of an unmetallic earth, with a very little of a martial one, it turns to a mafi, in ap- pearance of a femi-metallic reguhne nature, but not fo in reality ; becaufe a great part of it is unmetallic, and is not to be feparated from the Arfenlc, unlefs by means of a fire care- fully raifed by degrees ; which at length forces the Arfenlc to abandon the more fixed parts : And very nearly the fame hap- pens to all the metals and femimetals with Arfenlc ; nay, it adheres to their fcorise, and to their calxes, and melts with them, and is not to be feparated from them, but by means of a flow roafting.

The efficacy of Arfenlc is very great in producing dry folu- tions j and this is confiderably encreafed, when it is joined with a body which is fix'd and fufible in the fire ; as for m- ftance, with the glafs of lead : The effect: of this mixture is much greater than that of fimple glafs of lead, or litharge alone. All the Arfenics, fublim'd with fulphur, are difcovered by the flame they give, on melting them with nitre ; but pure white Arfenlc yields no flame on this trial. The experiment is to be made in this manner : Beat