Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/207

 ARC

ARE

The word Archhridinm properly imports the chief or matter of a triclinium or dining room. His office properly differed from that of modimperator, or arbiter bibendi, as the Utter was appointed by the guefts, the Arcbitridinus by the perfon who gave the feaft.

The Arcbitridinus was fometimes alfo called fervus tridini- archa, and by the Greeks ^aytvrfii, i. e. pr&gujlator, or fore- tafter. Potter alfo takes the Arcbitridinus for the fame with the jympojiarcha. Pott. Archasol. Graec. I. 4. c. 20. See the article Symfosjarch, ARCHIVIST, Arclnvijla, a keeper of an archive. See Ar- chive, Cycl.

Archivijb are alfo called in the Greek laws, or collection of records, cbartopbyiaces and nomopbylaccs. In the Roman 1p.w, (hartularii, fcribie, logotbeta, primifcrinii, protofcrtba and arth'iotes.

Under the emperors, the Archivifi was an officer of great dignity, held equal to the proconfuls, vefted with the quality of a count, ftiled darijfimus, and exempted from all public of- fices, and taxes. Among the antient Greeks and Perfians, the truft was committed to none but men of the firft rank ; among the Franks, the clergy being the only men of letters, kept the office among themfelves.

Since the erection of the electoral college, the archbifhop of Mentz has had the direction of the archives of the empire. Eckhard. Sched. de Tabular. Ant. §. 22. Reimman, Idea Syft. Liter, p. «i, ARCHIZUPANUS, A e3C i$nr«^, a title given to the prince or defpot of Servia. Du Gange, Gloff. Grsec. p. 466. The word is compounded of a^i and $Mnt*fe, governor. In an epiftle of pope Innocent the III d, he is called Magnus Jupanus. ARCHONTIUM, Aggwlwi, denotes a dignity in the Greek church. SuicThci. JEcclef. T. 1. Du Cange, Gloff. Gnec. in voc.

In this fenfe the word is fometimes alfo written Arcbontia, Ap^oVJta.

We alfo find Archont'tum ufed for a degree in the church, as a diaconate. ARCION, in botany, a name given by fome of the antient writers on medicine, to the plant we call tuffilago, or colt's foot. Neophytus fuppofes, that the name was originally Ardsphylhy the arcium-leav'd plant; the leaves of the colt's foot, when large, approaching fomewhat to the nature of thofe of the arcium, or burdock, in their tough texture and hoarynefs underneath. See Tussilago. ARCIVjE Aves, in antiquity, birds which gave bad omens, either by their flight, noife, or manner of eating. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1, p. 216. a. in voc. Avis. They were called Arriva, fometimes alfo Arcula, quia arce- hant ne quid fieret, prevented or forbad things being done. Danet, Did. Ant. in voc. ARCTAPELIOTES, in cofmography, the wind which blows at the 450. from the north, towards the eaft. Wolf. Elem. Geogr. §. 212.

In this fenfe Arftapeliotes amounts to the fame with what we call a north-eaft wind. ARCTOMYS Palajlinorum, in zoology, the name of an ani- mal of the rat kind, but very large, being of a middle fize between the rat and the rabbit ; it lives in caves, and feeds on vegetables, and is a fierce and bold creature. It ufes its fore feet as hands, and has a cuftom of fitting on the but- tocks, and in this pofture looks very like a bear. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 221. ARCUALIA OJfa, in anatomy, a name ufed by fome for the offa fyncipitis, by others for the offa temporum. Bartbol. Anat. libel. 4. c. 6. Brun. Lex. Med. in voc. Arcualis Sutura, among furgeons, denotes the coronal fu- ture. See Suture, Cyd. ARCUATION, in gardening, the term ufed for the raifing of trees by layers. The firft thing, in order to do this with fuc- cefs, is to chufe large and ft rang mother plants, which are ufually called among the gardeners, {tools. It is no matter whether the trees be crooked, or otherwife deformed ; and the larger they are the better ; They are to be cut down clofe to the ground. Thefe are to be planted in a border fix feet wide, and in a ftrait line fix feet afunder : The border muft be well trenched, or dug clear from all roots, clods, ftones, or other obstructions.

Thefe trunks, or ftools, being planted in this trench, will each throw out twenty, thirty, or forty plants, which may be be- gun to be laid about the Michaelmas following ; and if the ftools have been properly manag'd, they will alfo by this time have thrown out five, fix, or more, main branches out of the root ; and on every one of thefe, as many fide or colla- teral branches. Thefe main branches muft be bent down to the ground ; and fome gardeners cut them half through, that they may bend the more eafily.

When the main branches are thus laid all round the ftool, then they muft be pegg'd fail down ; and after this the fide ones and fmall ones may be ferved in the fame manner ; the main branches, or fhoots, muft be covered with earth all over, ex- cept the top; and the fmall fide branches muft be covered two or three inches thick upon the joints; and many give all the

branches a twift, in order to make them take root the fooner. Some ftrawy dung fhould now be laid over them, in order to keep them moift ; and they muft have a large bafon of earth made round them, in order to hold the water during the enfuing fummer. They muft, if the weather be dry, be watered two or three times every week. About the middle of September following, they may be opened, to fee if they have taken root ; if not, they muft be let alone till the next fpring, and by that time they will be fit to tranfplant into the nurfery. Elms, Limes, Poplars, Willows, Plata- nus's, and many other trees, fucceed very well in this operation. Miller's Gardeners Diet- ARCUBALISTA, in the military art, a kind of balifta, pro- bably made after the fafhion of a bow. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. r. p. jo. a.

It is mentioned by Vegetius ; but the defcription of it omitted by him, as too well known then, though now hard to be guelled at. Veget, 1. 4. c. 22-

Thofe who fought with this weapon were called Ardubalijiarii, fometimes Manubaliftarii. Veget. I. 4. c. 21. Aquin. loc. cit. ARCUCCIO, an inftrument ufed in fome parts of Italy* to prevent the overlaying of children by their nurfes, It confifts of a femicircular piece of wood, or head-board, of one foot and an inch diameter ; to each fide of which, a board three foot two inches and an half long, is faftened. Each of thefe has an hollow on the upper edge, near to the head-board, for the nurfes breaft to reft in when fhe gives fuck ; and a femi- circular arch of iron is fixed to them, near the other end. From the top of the head-board, to the middle of the iron arch, there is a bar of wood fixed, on which the nurfe leans when fhe fuckles the child. The Arcuccio, with the child in it, may be lately laid under the bed-clothes in the winter. Phil. Tranf. N°. 422. §. 6. ARDAMON, or Ardama, in antiquity, a velTel of water placed at the door of a perfon deceafed, till the time of burial, as a token that the family was in mourning, and to ferve to fprinkle and purify perfons as they came out of the houfe. Lakcmak. Antiq. Grsc. Sacr. P. 3. c. 3. §. 5. pott. Ar*- cha^ol. 1, 4. c. 3.

This was otherwife denominated yarga j and, from the mat- ter of which it was ordinarily made* or^xov. ARDEA, the Heron, in the Linnxan fyftem of zoology, makes a diftinct genus of birds, of the order of macrorynchse, or long beak'd. The characters of this genus are, that the middle toe of each foot is ferrated or jagged, with a feries of fcales on its outer fide. Of this genus are the heron and bitoum. Lirrnai, Syft. Nat. p. 45. See Heron. ARDEOLA, in zoology, the name of a very beautiful bird, of the Brafils, ol the heron kind, but no larger than a pigeon. Its neck is extremely long ; its head is of a fteel-coloured gloffy hue, with an intermixture of white, and pale brown fpots ; its neck and belly are variegated with white and grey, and its back is black, with a mixture of a brownifn and a fteel colour. The long feathers of its wings are greenifh, but have each a grey fpot at their end. Its tail is covered with its wings whenfolded, and it walksvery ftately. Marggrave'% Hift. Brafil. ARDENTES, in middle age writers, an appellation given to thofe afflicted with the Ignis Sacer, or Eryjipelas. Du Conge, GlofT. Lat. in voc. See Erysipelas* They were thus called, as feeming to be fcorched or burnt, with the difeafe.

Hence alfo the abby of St; Genevieve at Paris is called D omits Ardentium, by reaibfi, as it is faid, that great numbers were cured of that diftemper at the fhrine of this faint, in the reign of Lewis the VI lh. AREA, Field, among microfcopical writers. See Field. AREB, a kind of imaginary money, ufed in the dominions of the great mogul. Savor. Diet. Comm. Supp. p. 27. Four Arebs are equal to one crou, or 100 laes; One laes to 100,000 roupies. ARECA, in natural hiftory, denotes the Indian or Malabar nut* or the fruit from which we obtain the Catechu. Alleyn, Dif- penf. p* 95. See it rcprefented in Tab. of Microfcopical Ob- jects, Clafs 2.

The name is alfo given to the tree which produces the nut$ called in Englifh, the drunken date. Bradl. Diet* Bot. T. 1. in voc.

The Areca is a celebrated fruit of the Indies* the commerce and confumption of which is incredible in the eaft ; being in ufe equally among poor and rich, who chew it with the leaves of betel, to promote fpitting, cleanfe the gums, fefr. Satiaiu Did. Com. T. 1. p. 135. feq. Corn. Die*. T. 1. p. 54. b. See the article Betel. AREM, or Al-Arem, a vaft mound, or dam, which formed a ftupendous refervoir above the city Saba, whofe rupture caufed an inundation, famous in eaftern writers. Sale, Prelim. Dif, to Koran. §. 1. p. 10. The word Arem is Arabic, and literally fignifies any mound, or dam, for the containing of water.

Mahomet, in his Koran, fpeaksof the inundation of Al-Arem* c, 34. V. Sale, Not, ad loc.

The Arem was built by Abdihems, furnamed Saba, who having built the city of that name, built this wall, or mound, to ferve as a bafon, or refervoir, to receive the water which

came