Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/206

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as mch adn iniftred in fome female weaknefleS, rs the whites, and difficulty of urine. A conferve of them is alfo made in the fhops but leldom prefcribed. ^uinc, Difpenf. P. 2. n. &*'

A^cn-Count, Archicomes, a title antiently given to the earl of Flanders, on account of his great power and riches. Du Gauge, Glofi". Lat. T. i. p. 301. Spelm. Gloff.p. 39. _

Arch- Monajhry, Archimonajlcrium, an appellation fometimes given to the greater monafteries, and abbics. Du Cange, Glofi". Lat. T. 1. p. 307.

Awcu-Notary, Arcbinctarius, the primicerius or chief of the notaries. Du Cange, Gloil". Lat, T. I. p. 307. in voc. Archi- wtarius.

This officer is fuppofed by fome to have differed from the Arch- chancellor, tho' wherein the difference confuted docs not appear.

AKCH-Subcfeacoit, Archijubdiaconus, the firft or chief among the fubdeacons, as the archdeacon is among the deacons. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 310. in voc. Archijubdiaconus. In fome copies of the Roman ordinal, he is aStedJuberebidia- conus,

ARCH.&US, among the chemifts, fignifies that peculiar fluid among the vegetable dries* which determines every particu- lar plant to its odour, tafte, and other qualities. The fruit of a plant is the part in which the feed is conceived and formed, the feed is the embryo of the plant with a pla- centa or cotyledon, to which it is fattened by an umbilical ftring. The cotyledons ufually contain a balfam which ap- pears to be the laft and higheft preparation of the moift kind, which nature here lays up for the ufe of the offspring. In this is an oily tenacious matter, which repels all other moift things, defends the embryo, and by its tenacity retains and fetters the thin pure fpirit, which is the ultimate bounds and object of the actions of nature in plants, and which Would elfe eafily fly away ; this the chemifts call the Ar charts and fpiritus rector j the oil is too grofs ever to enter the fine veffels of the embryo. But this fpirit being invigorated _ by a vegetable power probably breathes a vital principle, and im- prcfles the fpecific character on the food deftined for the em- bryo, by which means every thing afterwards turns to the "proper nature of the plant ; in this fpirit the fragrant odour, and peculiar tafte of the plant is lodged, and even its colour has a near dependance on it. Bocrbaavt's Chem. p. 143. Sec the article Ar.es.

ARCHARD, in commerce, a kind of green fruit, pickled in vinegar, much valued throughout the Eaft-Indies. Savar. Di&. Comra. Suppl. p. 27.

The beft are thofe brought from Perfia, in bottles, much like fmall cucumbers among us.

ARCtLTOGRAPHIA, the art of defcribing or explaining an- tiquities,

M. Spon, firft erected the knowledge of what relates to anti- ques into a particular branch of fcience under the denomina- tion of Archaograpbia. Spon, in Pref. ad Mifcell. Erud. Antiq.

ARCH./EOTA, AggmWfa, a keeper of antient records. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 157. b.

ARCHAISM, properly denotes a phrafe, or diction now obfo- lete, and out of ufe, tho' antiently deemed good, orpaflable.

Etymologic Archaism, Archatfmus Etymohgicus, is when ci- ther an obfoleteword, dcclenfion, or conjugation is ufed. 'Syntonic Archaism, Jrchaifinus Syntaclicus, is an unufual and obfolete conftruction in difcourfc.

ARCHED(Cj-c/.) — Arched-S&w, or Scheme, in architecture, is ufed to denote a flat Arch, lefs than a femicircular one.

A RCHEMY, Arcbemia, is ufed by fome to denote the art of tranfmuting kfs perfect metals into the more perfect. Brim. Lex. Med. p. 122. in voc. Arcbimia. Du Cange, Glofi. Lat.T. 1. p. 963. in voc. Chimia. See Transmutation, Cycl. and Suppl.

In which feme Archemy, differs from Alchemy, as a part from the whole.

ARCHENDA, in the antient phyfic, a kind of powder pre- pared of alcanna and leaves of the Egyptian h'guftrum, wherewith the people fmcered their feet after bathing ; as a prefcrvative againft fweating and ftench of that part. Profp. Alpin. de Medic. ./Egypt. 1. 3. c. 18. p. 113. in voc. Cajlel. Lex. Med. in voc.

ARCHES, among navigators, is particularly ufed for the Ar- chipelago.

Gothic Arches, in architecture. See Arches of the third and fourth point, Cycl.

ARCHIEROSYNES, Aextegswvw., in the Grecian antiquity, a high-prieft vefted with authority over the relt of the prieits, and appointed to execute the more facred and myfterious rites of religion. V. Potter, Archseol. 1. 2. c. 3. p. 206. The Athenians had feveral of thefe Archierojynes, almoft each god having his high-prieft, who prefided over the reft of the minifters of that deity ; as the Daducbus over the priefts of Hercules ; the Stephanophorus over thofe of Pallas, h?c. Among the Opuntians there were only two high-priefts, one belonging to the cceleftial gods, the other to the daemons or demi-gods. The Delphians had five, who were denominated, Smoi, a. d. holy, one of whom had the care of the facrificcs, and was called oViwiu^, or the purifier ; another had the care J of the oracle, and was called A<pylw%. \

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ARC

ARCHIGERONTES, in antiquity, the chiefs or mafters of the feveral companies of artificers at Alexandria. Cal-v. Lex. Jur. p. 86. a. Schm, Lex. Ecclef. p. 71.

Some have miftaken the Arcbigerontes for the arch priefts, ap- pointed to take the confefiions of thofe who were condemned to the mines.

ARCHIGUBERNUS, Archicueerneta, or Archigw- bernites, in antiquity, the commander of the imperial fhip, or that which the emperor was aboard of. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. r. p. 158. a.

The Arcbiguhcrnus was not thus denominated from the ex- tent of his command, but from his having the command of the emperor's veffels much zsareb'tater denoted the emperor's phyfician.

Some have confounded the office of Archigubemus with that of prtsfcflm clajfis, or admiral, but the former was under the command of the latter.

Potter takes the proper office of the Archiguherneta to have been, to manage the marine affairs, to provide commodious harbours, and order all things relating to the failing of the fleet, except what related to war. Pott. Archzeol, Grjec. I- 3. c. 19.

ARCHIMAGUS, in the antient Perfian religion, the chief pricft or head of the order of magicians. The Archimagtts anfwered to the high-prieft among the Jews, or the pope now among the Romanifts, being the head of the whole religion. Prtdeaux, Connect. P. 1. 1. 4. p. 314. The Archimagus rcfided in the fire temple, a place held in the fame veneration among them, as the temple of Mecca among the Mahometans ; every perfon of the feet, being u rider a kind of obligation to make a pilgrimage to it once in their lives. Zoroafter is ranked as the firft Archimagus.

ARCHIPRESBYTER was antiently ufed for a dignitary in ca- thedral churches, who acted in many cafes in the bilhop's room, as his deputy. Du Cange, Glofi*. Lat.T. 1. p. 308. Archiprejbyter appears to have been the fame with what in the church of Alexandria was called protoprejbyter. Spelm. GlofT. p. 39.

After the like manner, in the eaftern empire we meet with protopapa for archipapa.

Valefius obferves, that in the church of Conftantinople, the biftiops had a power of diftinguifhing and giving precedency to fuch of their clergy as they thought deferved it, and that thefe were what they called A^Tr^a-C^ai, That he who is now called archprieft was then denominated *rgoW«)r«s, q. d. firft of the priefts, the title nan*, in thofe days being applied to meer priefts as well as bifhops. In. Not. ad. Socrat. Hift. Ecclef. 1. 6. c. 9.

In the decretals, we find a chapter de officio Arcbiprejhyteri, wherein precedence is given to the archdeacon over the arch- prieft j tho' according to the ordination, the latter fhould precede: but the archdeacon has acquired a jurifdiction, and the archprieft has none, Aubert. Ap. Richel. Diet. T. 1. p. 115. a.

Archiprejbyter was afterwards a title given to thofe now called rural deans, who act under the archdeacons. Id. ibid.

Fulrad abbot of St. Dennis is called, in an epiftle of pope Adrian,. Archiprejbyter Francia, whom on other occafions we find de- nominated fummus Capellanus regis Pepini, chief chaplain of king Pepin. Du Cange, loc. cit.

ARCHISYN AGOGUS, in the Jewifli hiftory, the chief or ruler of the fynagogue.

Thefe are fometimes alfo called the angels or princes of the fynagogues: the Jews alfo called them Chachamim, i.e. wife.

Archifynagogttes were perfons of authority- in each fynagogue, who prefided in affemblies held therein, invited thofe to fpeak whom they judged capable of it ; and decided all dif- putes relating to money, fcfV. They had^ a power to have thofe whipped Who were convicted of acting contrary to the law; alfo a right of excommunicating or calling out of the fynagogue, thofe whom they found to merit this puniihment. Their number was different according to the extent of the city, or the number of perfons that came to the fynagogue ; in fome there were feventy, in others eight or ten, and in others, not above one. Vid. Bafn. Hift. des Juif. 1. 7. c. 7. fitting. deSymgog. Calm, Did. Bibl. T. 1. p. 183. a.

ARCHITECTOGRAPHIA, the defection of antient build- ings, temples, theatres, arches, pyramids, baths, gates, aque- ducts, tombs, and the like. Fabric. Bib!. Antiq. c. 5. §.2. p. 124.

ARCHITHALASSUS, in conchyhology, a name given by fome authors to a very beautiful and precious (hell of the vo- lutakind, called by us the admiral.

The curious in Holland have three fpecies cf this fliell, which they call Archithalajfus primus, fecundus, and Aurantius, the admiral, the vice admiral, and the orange admiral. See the article Admiral.

ARCHITRICLINUS, A^^Mm, in antiquity, the mafter or director of a feaft, charged with the order and ceconomy of it, the covering and uncovering of the tables, the com- mand of the fcrvants, and the like.

The