Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/205

 A R B

ARC

Very broad line of a blood red. Marggrave, Hift. Brafil. See Tab. of birds, N°. 14.. and the article Picus.

ARACHNOIDES, in natural hiftory, the name of one of the genera of the echini marini, the diftinguifhing characters of which are, that it is of a circular circumference, but varioufly broken in at the edges. The mouth is round and placed in the center of the bale, and the aperture for the anus is qua- drangular, and fituated in one of the fides, on the upper fnper- ficies, but near the edge. Klein, Echin. p. 33. See Tab- of teftaceous and cruftaceous animals, N°. 8.

Arachnoides, in anatomy. See Araneosa Tunica.

ARACUS $romaiicus, in the materia medica, a name given by fome authors to the vanilloes ufed in chocolate making.

ARAF, orAL-ARAF, in the Mahometan theology, a kind of feparation or partition-wall between paradife and hell. Sale, Prelim. Difc. to Koran. §. 4. p. 94.

This is alfo called Al Orf, but more frequently in the plural Al Ardf; formed of the Arabic verb Jrafa i to diftinguifhorfeparate.

ARAHUM, or Harahum, in antient writers, denotesa place confecrated or fet apart for holy purpofes. Spelm, Glofl*. p. 38. Du Cange, Qloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 287. Hence the. phrafe, in Araho jurare or conjurarc, to make oath in the church ; for that by the Ripuarian laws, all oaths were to be taken in the church, on the relicks of the faints.

ARAIS Alnil, in botany, the name given by the people of ./Egypt, to the faba Mgyptia, or heads of the mlufar, a kind of water lilly growing in the Nile. Pro/per Alpbi.

ARALIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the cha- racters of which are thefe ; the flower is of the rofaceous kind, being compofed of feveral petals arranged into a circular form. Thefe flowers ftand on a cup, which afterwards becomes a foft fruit, or roundifti fucculent berry which contains oblong feeds. Toumcf. tnft. p. 300.

There is only one known fpecies of this genus, the Aralia Canadcnjis of authors.

Aralia, in antient law writers, denotes arable cr ploughing lands. Spelm. Glofl". p. 37.

This is otherwife denominated Aratoria, araturia. In domefday, for EfTex, we meet with, decern acras prati, duos runcal, quatuor Aralia. — Where Aralia feems to de- note land fit for ploughing or tillage, by way of contradif-

' tinction from runcalia which was over-run with briars and thorns. Du Cange, Glofl"". Lat. T. 1, p. 287.

ARANEA Concha, in natural hiftory, the name of a kind of fea-fhell of which there are feveral fpecies, we call them in Englifli the fpiderihclls; they are of the familyofthemurexand their peculiar character is the having digitated lips. The feveral fpecies have different numbers of fingers, from the lip of the fhell, as four, five, fix, feven, or eight. See Murex.

ARANEOSA Tunica is ufed by fome for a peculiar coat of the eye inverting the chrydalline, of a fine reticular texture, refembling a cobweb, called alfo Arachnoides. Some have alfo applied the .term Araneofa tunica to the vi- treous or glafTy tunic. Caji. Lex. Med. invoc.

ARANEUS, in zoology. See Spider.

Araneus Marinus, the fea-fptder, a name by which fome authors have called the fifli more ufually known by the name of Draco marinus, and fuppofed to have fometbing venomous in the fpines of its back-fin. Aldrovand. de Pifc. p. 258. See Draco Marinus.

ARATETA, A^xlaa, in antiquity, a yearly feftival celebrated at Sicyon, on the birth day of Aratus, wherein divers ho- nours were paid by a pried confecrated to this fervice, who for diftinction's fake wore a ribband befpangled with white and purple fpots.

The Arateia were folemnized with much pomp of mufic, the choirifters of Bacchus attending. PluU in Arat. Potter, Archsoh 1. 2. c. 20.

ARARAUNA, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the macaw kind, its bill is black, its eyes blue, and their pupils black, the fkin about the eyes is white, variegated with fine and fmall black feathers as if wrought with a needle ; its legs and feet are brown ; above the beak there is a fmall tuft of green feathers, and below it a circle of black ones furrounds the throat, the reft of the throat, the breaft, and belly, are all yellow, and its neck, back, and wings blue, but a little yel- low is mixed among the blue at the ends of the wing feathers, and thefe are all black underneath. Marggrave, Hift. Brafil.

ARBOR Diana;. See Dianje Arbor.

Arbor Martis. Sec Martis Arbor.

ARBOP.EOUS {Cyd.)— Mich. Mayer has a treatife de volucre Arborea, or the Arboreous bird, by which he means, this, ' becaufe ufually found fitting on trees, being of a colour as green as their own leaves. Ephem. Acad. N. C. Dec. 2. An. 6. Obf. 157. Suppl. Vol. I.

Naturalifts fpeak of a kind of oyfter, or fhell-fifh called Ar- borea, on acount of its adhering and growing to trees and ftirubs on the fea-coaft ; Dr. "Woodward had feveral of thefe eftrea: Arborea, in his collection, found in divers parts of England and other countries. V. Woodw. Cat. Engl. Foil". P. 2. p. 44. It. Catal. For. Foil". P. 2. p. 8.

ARBORESCENT, a term ufed to denote any thing that moots or grows up in form of a tree.

Botanies fpeak of Arborefcent flirubs, and plants 2 ; thej£- dum Arborefcens b, &c. Mineralifts treat of Arborefcent me- tals, Arborefcent filver, Arborefcent iron, Arborefcent ftones, &c c. The fungus marinus is ranked by fome in the clafs of Arborefcent fluors d ; the chemifts produce Arborefcent chryftal- Iizations, which they call philofophical trees.— [ a V. Phi". Tranf. N . 198, p. 682. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 2." c. 2. b Phil. Tranf. N°. m. p. 51. ' Wooodw. Nat. Hift. Engl. Foil". P. 1. p. 238. d Phil. Tranf. N°. 129. p. 738.] Zoologiiis give inftances of Arborefcent animals, particularly fifties.

The Arborefcent ftar fifli, Jiella Arborefcens, is one of the cu- riofities of nature found in feveral cabinets of natural rarities. It is defcribed as upwards of a foot in diameter, having its mouth in the middle ; the figure of the trunk is pentangular, and from the five angles arife as many branches, which fubdivide into feveral others, and thofe again into other lefler ones, till the laft are fcarce thicker than horfe hairs, and in number, hy a moderate eftimate above a thoufand. The flella Arbo- refcens in fwimming fpreads all his branches like a net to their full length ; and as he perceives any prey within them, draws them in again ; and thus takes it with all the dexterity of a fifticrman. . Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 1. Sect. 5. c. 4. p. 122. See §7 AK-FiJh.

ARBUSCULA is ufed by Bradley, to denote a little or dwarf tree, above the rank of fhrubs, but below that of trees, fuch e. gr. as the elder. Bradley, Diet. Botan. in voc.

ARBUSTUM, implies a number or multitude of trees, planted for the fruit fake. Fab. Thef. p. 220. Such are oiiveta, avellaneia, vincta, &c. The word was more peculiarly applied to a place planted with trees for faftcning vines to, which are hence called by Columella Arbujliva, DeArborib. c. 16.

Arbustum is fometimes alfo ufed to denote an orchard, or field wherein trees are planted at fuch diftance, that there is room for ploughing, and growing corn between. Bradl. Botan. Diet..

ARBUTUS, the Strawberry-Tree, in botany the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe ; the flower confiits only of one petal of the globular bell fafhioned kind. The piftil arifes from the cup, and is fixed in the manner of a nail to the hinder part of the flower ; this finally becomes a roundifli flefhy fruit, divided into five cells, and containing a number of feeds affixed to a placenta. The fpecies of Arbutus enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe.

1. The common Arbutus, with ferrated leaVes. 2. The ferrated -leaved Arbutus, with oblong turbinated fruit. Tour* nef. Lift. p. 598.

ARCA Cordis is ufed by fome anatomifts to denote the peri- cardium. Btaf. Not. ad Veiling, c. 10. p. 145. See Pe- ricardium, Cycl.

Arc^e Cujios, a title antiently given to the archdeacon, on account of his having the cuftody of the churches cheft, or treafure. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 2. c. 21. §. 5.

ARCANGIS, in the Turkifh armies, an inferior kind of in- fantry, which ferve as enfans perdus, and to harrafs and pil- lage the enemies frontiers. Tournef. Voyag. Lett. 13. T. a. p- 36. „

The Arcangis are an order inferior to the Janifaries ; and when any of them diftinguifli themfelves, are ufually preferred into the Janifaries order. — They have no pay, but are to fub- fift on their plunder.

ARCANNA, a kind of red chalk, called by pbyfiologifts ru- brica fabrilis, as being ufed by carpenters to colour their lines, for marking timber, £ffV, Savor. Diet. Com. T. I. p. 129. Aubert. Ap. Richel. Diet. T. 1. p. 113. a.

ARCANUM Duplicatum Catholicum, in medicine, a name gi- ven by Wedelius, to a compound medicine given by him and others of the fame time, with great fuccefs, in a peftilential fever, attended with a dyfentery which raged for many years together in Germany, and yielded fo well to nothing as to this medicine. It was compofed of bezoar, plantane-root, and the root of colchicum. This laft root has generally been efteemed a poifon of late times, tho' the authors of the greateft antiquity have fhewn a much greater refpect for it, and called it the facred root, or hierobulbus. Wedelius^ de Colchico.

ARCEUTUM is ufed, in fome antient law writers, for a procu- ration due to a bifhop, abbot, or archdeacon, from their clergy in time of entertainment. Du Cange, GlofF. Lat. in voc.

ARCH {Cycl)— Arch of a Brick- Kiln. See the article Brick.

ARCH-Angel, in botany, a medicinal plant, called by bota- nifts, lamium. It is of fome ufe as a balfamic, &c. See the article Lamium.

Thereare two kinds of it, viz. the white Arch-angel, lamium aU

hum; and red, vyhofe flowers are reputed foft and lubricating, and

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