Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/199

 A P P

A P P

the parenchyma, moil: of which enarch themfelvcs towardj the cork or {tool of the flower, the other ten running from the ftalk in a dirccter line, at Iaft meet the former at the cork, and are there inofculated with them. To the'e branches the coats of the kernels are faftened. Moft of the branches were originally extended beyond the fruit, and infertcd into the flower for the due growth thereof; but when the fruit afterwards grew to a head, and thus intercepted the aliment before fent to the flower, this latter being ftarved and falling off, the fervice of the faid branches becomes appropriated wholly to the fruit, fifteen to the pulp, and five to the feed. The Apple coare is originally from the pith of the branch ; the fap of which finding room enough in the parenchyma^ thro' which to diffufe itfelf, quits the pith, which by this means hardens into coare. Id. Ibid. I. i. c. 6. §. 2. Mr. Boyle has given feveral experiments on Apples in the air- pump, and the production of air, &c. thereby. V. Phil. Work Abitdg. T. 2. p. 567. feq. 609. 630. feq. 645. feq.

Apple is alfo a name given to divers fruits, bearing fomc refem- blance m figure, rotundity, and the like to the orchard Apple. The ananas is particularly denominated, pine-Apple. See Ananas, and Vike- Apple.

Oak-ApTLEs are a kind of excrefcences or exudations of the nutritious juice of that tree, joined with fome degree of pu- trefaction.

The like are fometimes alfo found oil willows. It is a kind of prognoftic among country people* that if the oak- Apple, when broken, be found full of worms, which it fometimes is, it bodes, if not a plague, yet an unhealthy year. Cole's Art. of fimpl. c. 13. p. 4. feq.

Bitter Apple, a name fometimes given to the colocynthis. Quinc. Difp. P. 2. n. 406. p. 178. See Colocynthis.

Prickle Apple is remarkable for the feveral tuflucks or bunches of thorns, with which it is armed all around ; each bunch confifting of fix or eight thorns, fome erect, others couched a little, and crooked outwards, of feveral lengths from one inch to above two. V. Ligen. Hift. of Barbad. p, 70. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 2. c. 2. p. 186.

Apple Marchafite, fo called by Dr. Grew, on account of its figure, as being round except on one fide, where it falls in and has a ftalk like a young Apple. Grew, Muf Reg. Societ. P. 3. Sect. 2. c. 3. p. 336.

Among the antient ornaments of churches we read of golden Apples, poma aurea % by which it (hould feem, we are to underftand the globular parts of candlefticks b . — [* Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 3. p. 371. feq. invoc. Malum. Id. T. 4. p. 342. in voc. pomum. b Id. Ibid.j

Some antient cuftomaries alfo fpeak of Apples of wax, poma de cera.

Apple of the Eye, a popular name for the pupil. Burrhus, in a letter to Bartholin, relates divers cafes wherein he cut afunder the Apple of the eye in feveral animals, and fqueezed out the humours, even the chryftalline itfelf; yet afterwards reftored the animals to fight. He adds, that the eyes of birds on which he had performed this operation looked better, and more vivid after it than before ; and that he had even tried the experiment on many perfons with fo much fuccefs, that there remained not the leaft appearance of a fear on their eyes. Phil. Tranf. N°. 64. p. 1355.

Love Apple. See Lycopersicon.

Mad Apple. See Melongena.

Apple, Pomum, is generally underftood among botanifts, of any flefhy, veficular fruit, containing more feeds than one. Mart. Lect. in Bot. p. 20. See Poma,

Apple Fly, in natural hiftory, the name given by authors to a fmall green fly found fometimes within an Apple, and hatched of a worm or maggot, very frequently found infefting that fruit.

Gum of Apples. See Gum.

APPOGGIATURA, in mufic, according to Graflineau, is when b any part of a fong, there are two notes at fome dill ance from one another, as a third, or fifth ; and in finging fuch paffage, the muficians puts in fmall intermediate notes afcending, or defcending ; as in the example A. Mufic. Dic- tion, in voc.

A B C D E F

But the Appoggiatura is not always intermediate, unlefs it be in the order of time ; (fee the examples B and C) nor is it confined to diftant notes. It may be ufed in palling from a note to the nearefl found either above or below it. See the examples D, E, and F.

The Appoggiatura is commonly marked by a fmaller kind of note, as in the examples before given. APPOINTED (Cyd.)— Thefehave been fupprefTed in France, except in the regiment of French- guards, where forty Ap- pointees are ftill retained to each company of 150 men. Guilt. Gent. Diet. P. 2. invoc.

Till the year 1670 they had alfo captains and lieutenants un- der the appellation of Appointees, who without refidlhg in the regiment received their pay.

Appointe'e, 111 heraldry, is when two or more things are placed, touching each other at the points or ends. ^Corn. Did:, des Arts. T. 1. p, 48. a

APPOSITOR1UM, in chemiftry, denotes a vefiel made of earthen ware or glafs, of a conical figure^ whofe bigger end receives the neck of a retort, while the narrower is inferted into the receiver. Junck. Confp. Chem. Tab. 3. p. 60. Its ufe is, where a ftrong open fire is required to prevent the red hot retort by the immediate contact of its neck from burning the receiver.

APPREHENSION (Cyd.) is generally ufed by Logicians for a fimple attention to any object of ieni'e, or imagination, with- out paffing a judgment, or making any inference. Thus when we view the fun's difk appearing thro' a cloud, and fix our attention thereon, but without carrying our thoughts any further, we are faid Amply to apprehend the fun. After the hke manner when the image of any abfent thing, e. gr. a lion feems as it were prefent to our imagination, and we view this image, but terminate our attention in the mere view, we have a iimple Apprehenfion of a lion.

In this fenie fimple Apprehenfion is difKrigutfhed from idea, or notion, as the operation from the effect. IVolf. PhiloH

sSy- 1 33> 34, 35-

rnnotophers utually confound fimple Apprehenfion with pure fenfation, and the nure mechanical perception of external objects; by which means fome fuggeft the firft and funda- mental diitinclion between human reafop and the inftinct of brutes^ is loft. — Simple Apprehenfion, fay they, is an act or operation of the mind, and not of the fenfes ; which laft is common to us with brutes, but the firft a perfection and ex- cellency of an human foul. We are to fuppofe the imagi- nation plentifully ftored with Ideas of fenfation, without the concurrence of the pure intellect. In this common ftore- houfe they lye in confufion, disjoined and unranged, without any other order, than that in which they chance to be tranf- mitted j and were there no immaterial principle at all within us, they would always remain In the fame diforderly condi- tion undifturbed and unobferved. V, Brown ± Proceed. Ex- tent. &c. of Hum. Underftand. 1. 2.

Some object to this, that it is impofKble to diitinguifh the fim- ple Apprehenfion of an idea, without forming any judgment or drawing any inference concerning it, from the fimple per- ception, or if you will the fenfation of that idea; unlefs per- haps the latter may be applied only to the effect of a prefent object ; whereas the other may alfo be ufed, when its idea is recalled by the memory and received by the intellect, Pref. Stat. Rep. Lett. T. 2. p. 114. feq.

APPRENTICESHIP, the ftate or condition of a perfon bound apprentice.

In France the fons of tradefmen, living in their father's houfe till 17 years of age, are reputed to have ferved an Apprentice- /hip 3. In that country the times of ferving are different in the different profefiions, from three years to eight. — After ferv- ing out an Apprenticejhip, the perfon becomes what they call an afpirant, or candidate for mafter-fhip, and is to be examined by proper officers as to his fkill and proficiency, and alfo ex- hibit a chef a" ouvre or mafter-piece in the art he has been bred to, ere he be fuffered to fet up to practife for himfelf b . — [ J Savar. Diet. Comm. T. I. p. 119. b Savar Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 169. in voc. Afpirants.]

APPROACH, (Cyd.) in gardening, is ufed in fpeaking of the method of inarching or inoculating, which is called grafting by Approach. See Inoculating.

Some phyficians alfo fpeak of a method of curing difeafes by touching or Approach. See Approximation.

APPROACHES, [Cyd.) in Fortification.— The antients made their Approaches towards the place befieged much after the fame manner as the moderns. M. de Foliard fliews, that they had their trenches, their faps, parallels, &c, which tho 5 ufually held of modern invention, appear to have been practifed long before, by the Greeks, Romans, Afiatics, &c. Foliard, in Polyb. T. 2. p. 161.

APPROACHING, in fowling, a term ufed to exprefs fuch devifesas are contrived for the getting within fhot of fliy birds. It is principally ufed in marfhy low places. The beft method of approaching is by means of three hoops tied together at proper diftances according to the height of the man that is to ufe it, and having boughs of trees tied all round it, with cords to hang it over his fhoulders ; a man getting into this, conceals himfelf and approaches by degrees toward his game in the form of a moving bufb.

Geefe, ducks, and teal, quit the waters in the evening and pafs the night in the fields, but at the approach of morning they return to the water again, and even when on the water they will retire to great diftances, on the approach even of '■ a horfe or cow, fo that the bufinefs of the ftalking horfe is of little ufe ; but this devife of approaching, by the mov- " ing bu£n fucceeds tolerably well with them. Diet. Ruft T. 1. in voc.

APPROB ATI ON, a ftate or difpofition of the mind wherein we put a value upon, or become pleafed with fome perfon or thing. Moratifts are divided on the principle of Approbation, or the motive winch determines us to approve and difapprove. The Epicureans will have it to be only fclf-intereft j according