Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/198

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Of this kind are hunger ana thirft, and the defires between the fexes ; to which deiires there is an uneafy fenfation previous, even in thofe who have little other notion of good in the ob- jeds, than allaying this pain or uneatinefs. There is fome- thing like to this in the defire of fociety, or the company ot our fellow creatures. ..

Other defires and averfions, neceflarily prefuppofe an opinion of good and evil in their object ; and the defires or averfions, with their concomitant uneafy fenfations, are occalioned by this opinion or apprehenhon. .,.„',

Thus no man is diftrefi'ed for want of fine fmells, harmonious founds, beautiful objeas, wealth, power, or grandeur, pre- vioufly to fome opinion formed of thefe things as good, or fome prior fenfation of their pleafures. In like manner virtue and honour as neceflarily give us pleafure, when they occur to us, as vice and contempt give us pain ; but, antecedently to fome experience or opinion of this pleafure, there is no previous uneafy fenfation in their abfence, as there is in the ab- fence of the objefls of Appetite. Id. ibid. p. 91.

Exceffive Appetite, in medicine. SeeOitEXis.

Defeahe Appetite— The defeft of Appetite is of two kinds, and is ufually divided, by medical writers, under two names, the anorexia and naufea. Bee Anorexia, Cycl. The anorexia is a too great abftinence from foods, which fometimes has its origin from depravations of the ftomach, fometimes from other caufes more remote. The naufea is defined to be a plenary abftinence from toons, being a complaint of the fame nature and origin with the anorexia, but differing in degree.

Thefc complaints are alfo divided by authors into two kinds, fometimes be ingidiopathic, which is the cafe when the ftomach itfelf is depraved, fometimes fymptomatic, which is the cale when they appear for a time, but the Appetite returns again in the abfence of fome other difeafe which occafioned them. Thefe fymptomatic naufeas and anorexias are fometimes of long continuance, as in cafes of dropfies, heflics, and other chronic diforders ; and fometimes tranfitory, or ot very fhort duration, as in acute fevers. The naufea of women with child is different from thefe. . ,

The figns are very obvious, fo far as a diftafle to food, whicft is common to both ; but there is this difference, that in an anorexia the patients ufually eat fomething, though without Appetite, and are troubled always with a pain and uneafinels in the ftomach after it ; but in the naufea there is a greater

Men of idle lives, and fuch as drink too freely of ftrong li- quors, are fubjea to idiopathic defefts of Appetite-, from actual injuries in the ftomach ; others labouring under the different difeafes before-mentioned, are as often fubjea to the fymptomatic. junck. Confp. Med. p. 601. The idiopathic anorexia and naufea, have for their caufes mucous, acid, and nidorous crudities in the ftomach ; they are fometimes alfo occafioned by a regurgitation of bile toward the orifice of the ftomach, efpecially when this is occafioned by a violent fit of anger, and that juft upon a meal. The fymp- tomatic defefis of Appetite are wholly owing to nature's being employed in fome extraordinary labour in the expelling fome other morbific matter, whence the ordinary office of con- cofiion, and diftribution of the chyle, is impeded for a time. Anorexias and naufeas, when idiopathic, are eafier to be cured than when fymptomatic, becaufe the feat of the difeafes allows of medicines immediately to reach it ; but when fymptomatic, they can never be cured but by the cure of the difeafe, and that often proves of the obftinate kinds. As to the cure of idiopathic complaints of this kind, the mucous humours in the ftomach muft be firft attenuated by the digeftive falts, fuch as vitriolated tartar, antimoniated nitre, and the like ; after thefe, if there be no contraindication in the particular cafe, a vomit is to be given, efpecially to perfons whoare fubjea to reach- ing ; and to this muft be joined fome purging medicine, that the matter may be at once voided both upwards and downwards ; and in fuch cafes where vomits are not proper, the bufinefs is to be effeaed by purges alone. After thefe things have been done, the proper medicines for reftoring the tone of the parts are to be given, fuch are the gentle bitters and ftomacbics, as gentian, zedoary, fmall centaury, galangals, and the like, in tinaures or' infufions, and with thefe the gentle cha- .' lybeates. In cafes where a bilious matter is the caufe, nitrous and attem- perating medicines are moft proper, and, in the beginning, a gentle emetic. After the cure of the more common cafes, where a mucous matter is the caufe, the eating a large quan- tiy of pepper, ginger, or the other hot things, is a good means of preventing a return.
 * difrelifh of food of all kinds, and frequent ftrainmg to vomit.

In the fymptomatic cafes, the Appetite ufually returns as foon as the difeafe that occafioned the want of it is removed ; but if this does not happen, there wants no further afliftauce than a fmall dofe of fome chalybeate before meals. It is a very unhappy praaice, but a too common one, to give the hot ftomachic medicines, in cafes of fymptomatic defefts of Appetite, with an idle attempt to cure what is merely a fymp- ' torn, while the primary difeafe remains : By this means the ' defects of Appetite can never be cured, and the original difeafe is often rendered worfe.

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Small centaury is recommended beyond all other medicines in an idiopathic defea of Appetite, and its extraa lightly acidu- lated with fpirit of fulphur, has often been known to perform very great thinus, by being regularly taken, in fmall dofes, before dinner, for feveral weeks together : And Baglivi is par- ticularly large in the prail'es of hiera picra in thefe cafes. Good wine fometimes alone will do great fervice, but when it is the menftruum for infufions of the bitters, it always adds very greatly to their virtue. People of a fanguine habit, when af- fiiaed with a lofs of Appetite, always find great relief in acids of the milder kind ; and thofe of a leucophlegmatic habit are often cured by taking fmall dofes of elixir proprietatis every day before dinner. Some perfons are very fond of external applications to the ftomach in thefe cafes, but thefe are rarely found to be of any great fervice. The beft of thcrn is a plaifter of tacamahaca, with oil of maftic. Jumkers, Confp. Med. p. 602.

APPLAUSE, (Cycl.) in antiquity, differed from acclamation, as the latter was articulate and performed with the voice, the former with the hands. See the article Acclamation, Cycl. and Suppl. .

Among the Romans, Applaufe was an artificial mufical kind of noife, made by the audience or fpeaators to exprefs their fatisfaaion. It was performed by a motion of the hands; though we find fome difpute about the nature and manner of the motion. In fome of the antients it is reprefcnted as done by a collifionof the fingers, extremis memibus excitatis. Some will even have it to have been no other than what we call fnapping the fingers, ufed among us to denote our contempt of a thing : While others, withmore probability, reduce it to a collifion of the palms of the two hands, not with both the hands flat ; but the fingers of the right hand being a little con- traaed, it was ftruck in due cadence on the palm of the left. V. Ferrar. de Acclam. & plauf. 1. I. c. i.feq. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 443. in voc. Plaufus.

There were three fpecies of Apphufe, denominated from the different noifes made in them, viz. Bombus, Imbrices, and Tejlx ; the firft a confufed din, made either by the hands or the mouth ; the fecond and third by beating on a fort of found- ing veftels placed in the theatres for this purpofe. Pitijc. loc. cit. See Bombus, ciff.

Perfons were inflruaed to give Applaufe with fkill ; and there were even mafters who profefled to teach the art. The pro- ficients in this way let themfelves out for hire to the vain- glorious among the poets, aBors, £s&. and were properly dif- pofed to fupport a loud Applaufe. Thefe they called Laudi- coeni, and Stfaam. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 21. in voc Loudieoeni.

At the end of the play, a loud peal of Apphufe was expeaed, and even afked of the audience, either by the chorus, or the perfon who fpoke laft. The formula was, SpeSlatoresphudite, or Valete t$ plaudite.

The plaufores, or applauders, were divided into chori, and dipofed in theatres oppofite to each other like the chorifters in cathedrals, fo that there was a kind of concert of Apphufes.

APPLE (Cycl.) denotes a well known fruit, of a roundifll fi- gure, of confiderable ufc both as a food, a remedy, and like- wife as yielding cyder. •

Apples are no natural fruit, but the mere creatures of art. The way of propagating them is by fowing kernels in the ground, which only produce crabs or wildings, different in figure and tafte from the parent fruit. To turn thefe to Apples is the bufinefs of engrafting. A cyon of an Apple-Wx inferted into a crab-flock, occafions the crab-tree from that time to produce Apples of the fame quality with thofe from whence the cyon was taken. Mr. Ray lays it down as a rule, that the fruit always follows the cyon. Philof. Lett. p. 348. See alfo Boyle, Phil. Work Abr. T. 1. p. 250. Thefe are called Orchard Apples, mala hortenfia, by way of contradiftinaion from crabs or wildings, called mala fyhejlria. Shiinc. Difp. p. 2. n. 451. p. 202. It. n. 452. p. 452. The Apple is compofed of four diftina parts, viz. the pill, the parenchyma, the branchery, and the coare. _

The pill or fkin is only a dilatation of the outermoft fkin or rind of the bark of the branch on which it grew. The parenchyma or pulp, as tender and delicious as it is found, is only a dilatation, or as Dr. Grew 5 calls it, a fwelth, or fuperbience of the inner part of the bark of the branch. This appears not only from the vifible continuation of the bark from the one thro" the pedicle or ftalk to the other ; but alfo from the ftruaure common to both, as being both compofed of bladders ; with this only difference, that whereas in the bark, the veficula; are fpherical, and very fmall, fcarce ex- ceeding ;,; part of an inch in diameter ; in the pulp they arc oblontr, 'and very large, generally meafuring ' 3 of an inch in length. But all uniformly ftretched out by the arching of the veffels from the coare towards the circumference of the Apple b .— [> Anat. of Veget. 1. 1. c. 6. p. 40. b Grew, Ibid.

1. 4.c. 1.5. S-P-^-H] • '. _ . ,

The branchery, or veftels are only ramifications of the woody part of the branch fent throughout all the patts of the pa- renchyma the greater branches being made to communicate with each other by inofculations of the lefs. The main branches are ufually twenty ; ten of them diftributed thro' 3 ^