Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/197

 A P P

A P P

Several inftances of Apparitions occur in the bible ; that of Samuel, raifed by the witch of Endor, has occafioned great difputes.

We find great controverfies among authors, in relation to the reality, the exiftence or non-ex iftence, the poffibility or im- poifibility of Apparitions. The Chaldeans, the jews and other nations have been the fteady afferters of the belief of Apparitions. Thediibelief of fpirits and Apparitions, is by fome made one of the marks of infidelity, if not of atheifm. Many of the Apparitions, we are told of in writers, are doubt- lefs mere delufions of the fenfe ; many others were feen but in dreams or deliquiums ; many others are fictions contrived merely to amufe, or anfwer fome purpofe. Apparitions it is certain are machines that on occafion have been of good fcr- vice both to generals, to minifters of ftate, to priefts and others. It has been controverted whether an Apparition be any proof of a future ftate.

The abbe de St. Pierre has a difcourfc exprefs on the phyfical method of folving or accounting for Apparitions ; he makes them the effect of feverifh dreams, diiturbed imaginations, tsrV, V. Mem. de Trev. An. 1726. p. 119. feq. APPARITOR (Cycl.) — In middle age writers, Apparitors are alfo called Barigildi, Paritaderii, Statures, and Taxeata. V.Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. in voc. Barigildi, &c Apparitor is alfo ufed in fome antient Englifh laws, for a

judge or juftice. Wilk. Gloff. ex LL. Hen. 1. c. 9. & 20. APPEASING Remedies, in medicine, are thofc which affuage the pain in a difeafe, and give the patient fome reft, or re- fpite ; and at the fame time contribute to the cure. Thefe amount to the fame with what we other wife call Paregorics, anodynes, &c. Brun. Lex. Med. in voc. Se- datio. See Paregorics, &c. Cycl. APPELLANT, a perfon who appeals, or brings an appeal.

See Appeal, Cycl. Appellants is particularly ufed in our time, for thofe among the French clergy, who refufe to fubferibe the conftitution unigenitus, and appeal from it, either to the pope better in- formed, or a general council.

The French bifhops, priefts, monks, and even nuns are divided into Appellants, and non- Appellants. The Janfenifts and their followers are generally Appellants. APPELLEE, in the common law, is a party appealed, or againft whom an appeal is brought.

In the civil law Appellee, Appellatus, properly belongs only to the judge before whom an appeal is brought. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 79. a APPENDICULA denotes a little or diminutive Appendix. SeeAppENDix, Cycl. and Suppl.

The word is fcarce ufed, except by anatomifts, in the phrafe, Append'tcula vermiformis, Appendicula Vermiformis, in anatomy, a name given by fome to the inteftine caecum, which they confider only as art appendage of the colon, and not as the true caecum of the antients. V. Van Horn. Microcofm §. 22. p. 26. Drake, Anthrop. 1. 1. c. 11. p. 49. See Caecum, Cycl. and Ap- pendix Vermiformis, Suppl. Appendicula Afieriarum, Wires of Ajhria, aname given by the writers on natural hiftory, to certain fmall branches which are placed in a circular order at different diftances upon the columns of the afteriae. They are, however, very feldom found thus fixed, but are ufually met with loofe among the afteriae in the ftrata of clay, or immerfed by themfelves in thofe of ftone ; they are compofed of a number of fhort joints, the largeft being always that which has been placed next the body of the afteria, the reft growing gradually fmaller, and confeqently the body taperer to the end. Hill's Hift. of Foil*, p. 654. See Asteria. APPENDIX Vermiformis (Cycl.)— Mr. Monro affurcs us he never faw the Appendix vermiformis of any of the hu- man foetus's which he diffectcd, diftended with meconium, and therefore he cannot allow it as a refervoir of the faeces during geftation. From the numerous mucous lacunae in the human Appendix, and the like ftructure in the caeca of brutes, its ufe feems to be to furnifh mucus to lubricate the internal furface of the great fac of the colon, and to moiften the faeces in it, that they may be more eafily pufhed forward out of this part of the gut, where there is the greatcft diffi- culty in their progrefs, and where by fragnating too long, they may bring on troublefome fymptoms. Witness the dif- eafe called placenta intejlinalis. Med. Eff. Edinb. Vol, 4. Art. 12, APPERCEPTION, or Adperception, is ufed by Leibnitz and his followers, for an attribute of the mind confidered as confeious of or reflecting on its own perceptions. Wolf. Piy- chol. Empir. §. 234.

In which fenfe the word amounts to the fame with what Des Cartes and others call confeience or conjeioufnefi. APPETITE (Cycl.) h divided by fome authors into fenfitivc and

rational. Senfitive Appetite is that which arifes from a confufed notion of goodnefs in the object, as apprehended chiefly by the fenfes. Or it may be defined, an inclination of the foul to- wards an object on account of fomething good confufedly ap- prehended in it. Wolf Pfychol. §• 580. Suppl. Vol. I.

The fchoolmcn alfo call this animal Appetite, and fenfualitas. Sometimes alfo they give the fenfitive Appetite the denomina- tion of Appetite in general ; and divide it into irafcible and concupifcible, the firft being no other than what we call aver- fion ; the fecond, the proper fenfitive Appetite. The divifion in effect is not taken from different powers, but from different acts of the fame power.

The Appetite confidered as inclining to good, is called concu- pifcible, as flying from evil irafcible.

In this view fenfitive Appetite is that whereby we defire a good, or avoid an evil confufcdly apprehended.

Some fchoolmcn, however, give a different account of the difference between concupifcible Appetite, and the irafcible. According to the Thomifts, concupifcible Appetite Is that whereby we are led on towards good ; and irafcible Appetite that whereby we arc led towards fome difficult good, or hard to be arrived at. But the Scotifts combat this diftinction, af- ferting it to be the character of the concupifcible Appetite, to incline towards every thing good, whether it be difficult or not. Rational Appetite is that which arifes from a diftinct repre- fehtation of good in the object. The fchoolmen alfo call this Intelletlual Appetite. This may be defined an inclination of the foul to an object, on account of the good we know, or think we diftinctly perceive to be in it. Wolf Pfychol. em- pir. §.880.

In this fenfe Rational Appetite is no other than what we call Will. See Will, Cycl

To render a thing an object of Appetite, it muft be known, at leaft imperfectly. Hence that Axiom of the antients, Ignoti nulla cupido.

The Senfitive Appetite admits of degrees, is ftronger towards fome objects, than towards others, and towards the fame ob- ject at one time than at another ; confequently, it is fufcepti- ble of menfuration, though the meafure is not yet difcovered. But the degree of Appetite changes, if the judgment we make of the good or evil of the object, be changed. Id, ibid, §.599. feq. Rules of Appetite are thofe which the foul obferves in de- firing or willing things. Id. ibid. §. 902. Such are thefe, that whenever we defire a thing, we reprefent it to ourfelves as good ; that whenever an evil thing appears good to us, we defire it ; and that we never defire evil but under the notion of good, not even, when of two evils we chufe the leaft, c>c. Id. ibid. §.892. feq. Law of Appetite is the general principle, or fource of the rules of Appetite. Id. ibid. §. 903.

The Law of Appetite is this propofition, that whatever we reprefent to ourfelves as good, that we defire. Id. ibid. §. 904.

The great power therefore, which man has over his moral con- duct, confifts in the power he has of reprefenting objects to him- felf as good or evil. This is the fource of the cultivation of all virtues.

In fome cafes the fenfitive and rational Appetites confpire, of lead the fame way, e. gr. When the fame food that is found agreeable to the palate is alfo known to be wholefome. In this cafe the object appears to us both confufedly and diftinctly good. Wolf. Pfychol. §. 908. feq.

This conformity is a point of great moment in moral matters, being the higheft perfection man is capable of arriving at. The great problem of ethics is to reduce the fenfitive Appetite to a conformity with the rational The general foundation of the folution has been above intimated ; but the problem admits of as many particular cafes, as there are different virtues. Con- fucius is faid to have directed all his endeavours, from his youth upwards, to this end ; which, by the time he armed at his feventieth year, he had attained, infomuch that the 'fen- fitive Appetite of its own accord fubmitted to the rational. Id. ibib. §. 909.

In effect, the two Appetites are ufually intermixed : And hence it may happen that the rational may be ftxengthened and heightened, as well as thwarted, by the fenfitive, fince this laft admits of degrees ; confequently, when it confpires with the former, or tends towards the fame object, it cannot but fortify it. Id. ibid. §. 912.

The more ufual cafe is, when the two Appetites run counter to each other, and contend for the maftery ; fuch, e. gr. is that in a fick perfon, who being convinced that a certain me- dicine would do him good, has an utter averfion to its fmell and tafte, fo that he both defires and abhors the fame thing in a great degree. Id. ibid. §.917.

The reafon of this combat between our inclinations is, that we reprefent a thing to ourfelves, in the diftinct way, good, which, in the confufed way, appears evil ; and vice verfa. Hence the fource of that antient complaint, Video meliora proboque, deteriora fequor. Appetite is rcftraincd, by a late ingenious, writer, to fuch of our defires as have a previous, painful and uneafy fenfation, antecedently to any opinion of good in the object ; nay, fo as that the object is often chiefly efteemed good only for its allay- ing this pain or uneafinefs, or if it give alfo pofuive pleafure, yet the uneafy fenfation is previous to, and independent of this opinion of good in it. Hutchenf. Eff- on Paff. §. 4. p. 89. feq.

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