Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/195

 A P O

A P O

Apostolate more properly denotes the dignity or office of an apoftle of Chrift. See Apostle, Cyrf. and Suppl.

Apostolate is alfo ufed, in antient writers, for the dignity or office of a bifhop.

In this fenfe, we meet with feveral letters, petitions, requcfts, fcfV, directed to bilhops under the title of your Apojlolate, JteJlulatttSy or Apojhlatus vejler. Du Cange* Glofl'. Lat. T. i-p- 261.

But as the title rfpo/lolicus, had been appropriated to the pope, fo that of Ap'-fiolate became at length retrained to the fole dignity of the popedom, under which title the bilhops of Rome were addrefied even by kings and emperors ; We befeech your Apqftckite ; we intreat your Apojlolate. The popes even made no fcruple of iffing it in fpeaking of themfelvcs ; you have fig- nified to our Apojlolate ; it feems good to our Apojlolate, &c. Every bifhop's fee was antiently dignified with the title offedes 'Apojielica, an Apoftolical fee, which is now the peculiar deno- mination of the fee of Rome. The catholic church, fays Attftin, is propagated, and diffufed over all the world by the Apa/.UiLdl fees, and the fucceflion of bilhops in them. It is plain this is not fpoken only of the bilhop of Rome, but of all other bilhops whatsoever. Sidonius Apollinarts ufes the fame exprefnun, in fpeaking of a private French bifhop, viz. that he fat five and forty years, in his apoftolical fee. Singh. Orig. Kcclef. 1. 2. c. 2. Seel. 3. Pope Siricius hnnfclf gives all primates the appellation Apojlo- lid, and it continued to be their title to the days of Alcuin, who fpeaking of the election of bilhops, fays, when the clergy snd people have chofen one, they draw up an inftrument, and go with their elect to the Apojlolicus ; by whom he means not the pope, but the primate or metropolitan of every province, who had the right arid power of confecration. Bingb. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 2. c. 16. Seel. 24.

APOSTOLICUM, A^rcTuKtv, is a peculiar name given to a kind of fong or hymn, antiently ufed in churches. The Apojhllcuni is mentioned by Greg. Thaumaturgus as ufed in his time. Voflius understands it as fpoken of the apoitles creed ; Suicer thinks this impoffible, for that this creed was then unknown in the churches of the eaft. Suic. Thef. Ecclef. T. Lp.473.feq.

APOSTROPHE, 111 medicine, denotes a loathing or averfion for food. Mginet. 1. 3. c. 37. Linden. Exerc. 14. §. 63. Cajicl. Lex. Med. in voc.

In which fenfe the word amounts to the fame with Apofit/on. See Aposition.

APOSYRMA, AwoOTgp**, In medicine, denotes a defquamation, or fcaling of the fkin.

In which fenfe the word amounts to much the fame with abrafion. Greek writers ufe the word Apojyrmata, for what the Latins call Abrafa^ viz. a fuperficial kind of exulcerations, which raife the fkin. Brun. Lex. Med. p. in. b.

APOTAXOMENI, in ecclefiaftical antiquity, a name antiently given to Monks on account of their renouncing the bufinefs and plcafures of the world. Bingb. Orig, Ecclef. I. 7. c. 2.

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APOTEICHISMUS, A^.^.^©., in the antient military art, a kind of line of circumvallation drawn round a place in or- der to beftege it. Potter, Archaeol. Att. 1. 3. c. 10. This was alfo called Periteicbijmus, rngtltt^topifih. The firft thing the antients went about, when they defigned to layclofe fiege to a place, was the Apotcichijmus ; which fome- times confifted of a double wall, or rampart, raifed of earth ; the innermoft to prevent fudden fallies from the town ; the outermoft to keep off foreign enemies from coming to the re- lief of the befieged. This anfwered to what is called lines of contravallation and circumvallation, among the moderns.

APOTELESMA, Aar&AwjM^ in a general fenfe, denotes an effect of fome caufe. Scbeibl. Topic, c. 6. n. 10.

Apotelesma is alfo ufed for a prognoftic, or natural predic- tion of an event.

In which fenfe Scaliger fpeaks of the Apotelejmata of Hippo- crates. The anfwersof aftrologers deduced from theconfide- ration of the ftars arc particularly called Apotelefms, or Apotelej- mata.

Apotelesmata is more particularly ufed by aftrologers for the effects of the ftars and planets on fublunary bodies. Vojf. de Scient. Matbcm. c. 37. §. 1.

In which fenfe Apotelefmata amount to the fame with influ- ences.

Some will alfo have Apotelejmata to denote little figures and images of wax, made by magical art to receive the influence of the ftars, and ufed as helps in divination. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 5. §. 1.

APOTELE3MATICA, Awol^f^W, the fcience of apote- iefms, or the art of foretelling future events, from the afpecte and configurations of the heavenly bodies. Vojf. de Scient. Mathem. c. 37. §. 1.

In this fenfe, Apouiejmatha amounts to the fame with what we otherwife call judicial ajlvology.

Sozomen denominates this, apotelefmatical aftronomy. L. 3. c. 6.

Hence alfo aftrologers are called Apotelef?natici, as fynonimous with mathematici, genethliaci, Chaldxi, &c. Bingb. Orig. Ecclef. !. 16. c. <J. *j. h.

APOTHECARY (Cyd.)— In writers of the middle age, Apo- tbecartes are called con/eft i oners, confettionarii. The perfon, attributes, and office of an Apothecary^ are well defcribed by Hofman, in his Clay, ad Schrod. p. 29. The antient phyficians were their own Apothecaries. In Mufcovy, we are told, there are no Apothecaries at all j but then there are no phyficians neither, except two or three retained by the court, and thofc rather for ftate than fervice ». Travellers fpeak of a famous Apothecary's fhop at Drefden, fur- nished with four thoufand filver pots, all filled with the choiceft drugs h .— [» V. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 13. p. 506. b V". Jour, des Scav. An. 1676. p. 267.]

There are in London two kinds of Apothecaries^ the whole- fale and the retail ; it is the retail Apothecary that the phy- fician is concerned with. The retail Apothecary generally acts by rule, follows his orders, and compounds with art and care ; tho' he will fometimes fubftitute a quid pro quo, and now and then venture to reverfe an order. Ac- cording to the fldll and care of this trader, he is more or lefs" liable to be impofed on by the druggift, and the trading che- mift, all of them ufually felling what they buy ; but if the Apothecary be here often deceived, how ftands it with the phy- ficians and the patient ? SbavSs Lectures, p. 194. The retail Apothecaries) however, deal more in fubftitution, than in fophiftication j the prudent phyfician will therefore pre- scribe what is ufually kept, and is proper to keep in the fhopSj or what otherwife is eafilyobtainable; and if there are other abufes committed in this part of pharmacy, they may perhaps be chiefly attributed to want of fkill or conduct in the phyfi- cian. Shaw's Lectures, p. 195.

At Paris the Apothecaries make a part of the company of merchands epiciers, that is grocers. Savar. Diet. Comm. in voc.

The company of Apothecaries were incorporated by a charter from king James I. procured at the folicitation of Dr. May- erne and Dr. Atkins ; till that time they only made apart of the grocers company ; plumbs, fugar, fpice, Venice trea- cle, mithridate, &c. were fold in the fame (hop and by the fame perfon. The reafon of Separating them was, that me- dicines might be better prepared, and in oppofition to divers perfons who impofed unwholefome remedies on the people. Obferv. on Cafe of Will. Rofe. §. 2.

Will.Rofe an Apothecary was profecuted in 1704 by the college, for practifing phyfic, or making up feveral bolus's, electuaries, and juleps, and fellingand delivering them to one Sale a butcher without the advice of a phyfician, and not being licenfed by the college c. Thus is the cafe ftated on the part of the de- fendants, Apothecaries, in their petition to parliament for a writ of error to reverfe a judgment obtained againft them in the queenfbench : On the behalf of the phyficians it is rcprefented fomewhat otherwife, from the teftimony of Sale himfelf, viz. that Rofe kept his patient under hand for a year together, without giving him any relief, and brought in a bill of near fifty pounds ; yet Sale being afterwards forced to apply to the difpenfary, received his cure in fix weeks, for lefs than forty fhillings charge. See Obferv. on his Cafe printed in 1704.

It was difputed on this occafion, what the bufinefs of an Apo- thecary is ? Whether it be reftrained to the making, com- pounding, and felling good and wholefome medicines ; or whether it alfo extend to the preferring and directing the ufe of them ? Obferv. §. 9.

The Apothecaries appealed to conftant ufage, as the beft expounder , of their charter j and urged, that felling a few lozenges, or a fmall electuary to anyafking for aremedyfora cold, or in other ordinary or common cafes, or when the medicine has known and certain effects, is not to be deemed unlawful, or prac- tifing as a phyfician, when no fee is taken or demanded for the fame. Obferv. §. 10. See alfo NecefT. and Ufefuln. of Difpenfaries, and Anfwer to Tentam. Medicin. paffim.

Apothecary, Apotbecarim, m writers of the middle age, denotes a fliop-keeper, or ware-houfe-keepcr. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 1. p. 263. feq.

The word is formed af Apotheca, or rather of the barbarous word Apothecar, a fhop.

Atothecarius is alfo ufed to denote a ftore-keepcr, or of- ficer appointed to have the direction of a magazine, granary, &c. See Granary, Cyrf. and Suppl. In which fenfe Apothecarii, Awofoxagmt, is fometimes rendered by horrearii and rationarii.

APOTHERAPIA, Asw&pwtia, in phyfic, properly denotes a compleat or finifhed cure. Cajl. Lex. Med. P. 68. a.

Apotherapia is alfo ufed, in the gymnaftic art, for the lafi part of all regular exercife, viz. friction or unction with oil, before as well as after bathing. V. Lang. Epift. Medic. 50. I. 1. p. 229.

The defign of this was partly to cleanfe the fkin from any filth or duft, it might have contracted during the exercife, and partly to remove wearinefs.

Hence that part of phyfic which directed the due perform- ance of this was denominated Apotherapeutica, AffsfiijaKntrJurti. Cajl. loc. cit.

Cafp. Bauhin has a treatife exprefs under the title of A*fe9ff«<wrf* I*1g«M). JBaf. 1581. 4.

a APO-