Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/194

 A P O

APOSTAS1S, A^.r*™, in phyfic, ufuauy fignifus the fame with abfcefs. Sec Imposthumation. In which fenfe, the word is ufed by Hippocrates and others

promifcuoufly with A^ori^a, Apoftem. Apostasis, in a more particular fenfe, denotes a departure or

removal of the morbid matter, in the crifis or folution of a dif-

eafe. Junck. Confp. Chirurg. tab. 6. p. 66.

In which fenfe, the word is alio ufed by Hippocrates and the

antients, as different from Apojlem.

Apojiajis, in this fenfe, is of two kinds ; the firft, K«T i««{>™ ;

the fecond, K«T Senium.

'Awo'racrij k«T Exxgitri* denotes an excretion or efflux of the

matter.

Under this are included immediate eruptions, and the like

evacuations, whereby the containing caufe of a difeafe, and

the chief matter of it, are thrown off from the nobler and

more intimate parts of the body, through the lefs noble and

external parts.

'Aarir'wK *«T 'AaoSs'mv denotes a tranflation of the morbid

matter from the principal to Come other lefs noble parts, but

without any total expuliion of it from the body.

Inftances of this kind are chiefly in acute fevers, where their

progrefs has been difturbed, or a bad regimen been obferved.

Zunck. lib. cit. p. 66. ...

ater writers have been led into great inaccuracies in relation to the precife differences and characters of Hippocrates's Apojiafis and Apojiema. Dr. Stahl has given a differtation exprefs on the fubjefl. Gaelic. Hift. Chirurg. Recent.

§■ 563. P- 564.

Apostasis is alio ufed by Hippocrates for a fraBure of a bone, wherein fome part is entirely feparated or broken off. Hippocr. de Fraft. ap. Brun. Lex. Med. p. 1 1 1. a.

APOSTATE, in a general fenfe, fignifies a deferter from the true religion. See Apostacy, Cyd. In which fenfe, Apojiate amounts to much the fame with lapfed, perverted, tiff.

Apoflatis to Mahometanifm are commonly called Renegade's. The Greeks frequently confound Apojiates with Heretics. Suit. Thef. Ecclef. T. I. p. 124. invoc. 'Aifmrnt. The Emperors Adrian and Julian are on record in church hiftory as Apojiates. The former, according to Lampridius, having begun to croft temples to Chrift, was prevailed on by the Pnefeftus Sacrorum to defift, left all the world fhould turn Chriftians, and the other temples be deferted. The punifhment of Apojiates from Chriftianity to Judaifm was left by Conftantine to the difcretion of the Judges, who, when they thought fit, were at liberty to condemn them to death. The fubfequent emperors, in lieu hereof, enafted confifcations. The ftate of thefe new Jews was much worfe than that of the native Jews. Thefe latter had many privileges ; the former were not allowed to make wills, nor was their teftimony admitted in the courts of juftice. Bin*. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 6. §. I.

Apostate is alfo ufed for a religious, who having taken the vows, quits the monaftic profeffion without leave. Du Catigc, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 259. feq. in voc. Apoftatare.

Apostate is alfo applied to the priefts -who throw afide the tonfure, and abandon the clerical life.

In a decree of pope Nicolas, publifhed in 1059, thefe are called Apoliatm Juliaiiijia;, or Julian Apa/lates, in allufion, we fuppofe, to the tradition of the emperor Julian's having been in holy orders. Thefe, unlefs they returned to the cle- rical, were excluded all benefit of Chriftian communion. Cod. tit. de Apojiatis, 1. I, duCang. Gloff. Lat. T. I. p. 259.

Apostate, in ecclefiaftical writers, a perfon who falls away voluntarily into heathenifm, after having for fome time made profeffion of Chriftianity.

Apojiates differed from common lapfers into idolatry, in this, that the latter fell by Violence, and the terror of perfection ; but Apojiates by principle and choice, out of a diflike to chriftianity, and a love of gcntilifm. As the lapfers generally returned as foon as they had opportunity, Apojiates commonly continued fuch all their days.

The ftate of Apojiates in the anticnt church was even worfe than that of heretics. The imperial laws, at leaft from the time of Theodofius, denied Apojiates the common privileges of Roman fubjects, depriving them of the power of difpofmg of their eftatcs by will, ESV. * No man might make them his heirs, nor could they fucceed to any inheritance. They were to have no commerce or fociety with others ; their teftimony was not to be taken in law ; in fine, they were to be infamous to all intents. They were notfo much as allowed the right of fanft uary. If they were not banifhed, it was only for the greater punifhment, to live among men, and not en- joy the common privileges of men ; nor were they ever to regain their antient ftate. Though they repented and returned it was to be no benefit to them : Their repentance could never obliterate their crime : Such was their condition in temporals. And, by fome canons in the church, they were not lefs fe- verfily treated in fpiriruals. The council of Eiiberis forbad communion to the laft to all Apojiates b. — [ a Bing. Orig. Ecclef. L, 16. c. 6. §. 4. b Id. Ibid. It. 1. 8. c. n. §. 6. Suh. Thef. T. I. p. 472.]

APQSTERIGM^ in the antient phyfic, denotes a reft or

A P O

fupport for a difeafed part, without binding. Brun. Lex. Med. p. in.

Such arc pillows, cufhions, and the like. The word feems alfo to have been ufed by Hippocrates for a ftoppage, or obftru£lion of fome vafcular part. APOSTHUME {Cyd.) is particularly ufed for a difeafe of hawks, which occafions fwellings in the head, arifing from a redun- dancy of humours, and a preternatural heat of that part. Ruft. Diet. T. 1. invoc.

The Apofthume difcovers itfelf by the fwelling of the eyes, a moiftureiffuing from the ears, and theirwingsextremelyflothfui.

APOSTIL, Apoftilla, in matters of literature, a marginal ad- dition, or note to a book, pafTagc, or the like. APOSTLE {Cyd.)— The Apoftles are called by the Arabs Rava- rioun, q. d. whitfters or fullers, from their profeffion, fay fome ; but, according to others, becaufe rcprefented by the antient Chriftians, in their pictures, as clothed in white, and that their tradition informed them, that they appeared thus to the believers. The Arabs alfo give them the denomination AJbab Jffai q- d. Companion?, or difciplcs of Chrift ; but never that of Rajfoulon, or Morj'eloun, which properly figni- fies Apoftles, or meflengers. The former appellation they re- ferve wholly for their own prophet Mahomet, and the latter for the patriarchs and prophets of the Old Teftamcnt. d'Rer- bei. Bibl. Orient, p. 439.

Jo. Simon has a difcourfe exprefs, to {hew that the Apoftles were all Lutherans, none of them papifts. Collegium Apof- tolico-Lutheranum contra Kellium, S. G. quod opines Apo- ftoli fuerint Lutherani, nulli Papiflse. Wittcmb. 1676. 4 . Fabricius gives a lift of the chief writers, who have treated of the origin, office, &c. of the Apoftles. Fabric. Bibl. Antiq. c. 13. §. 1 1.

Apostle is alfo a title or appellation given to Chrift by the author of the epiftle to the Hebrews, to John the Baptifl by Tertullian, to the feventy difciples, to the difciplcs of the Apoftles, and even to feveral who preached and propagated the gofpcl long after the Apoftles days. V, Fabric. Bibl. An- tiq. c. 13. §. 11.

We even read in Dr. Grabe of a female Apoftle, Apoftoh, or «' Awor»?.©-, viz. St. Thecla ; and the fame title appears to have been given toother godly women. Grab. Spicil. T. 1. p. 331. Grotius obferves, that Conftantine the Great was called Apo- ftle among the princes, ft B<w*swt Amy-Aiv. Grot, de Jur. Summ. Poteft. p. 21.

Apostle is alfo thought by many to have been the original name for bifhops, before the denomination Bijhcp was appro- priated to their order. At firft the name bifhop and preibyter are fuppofed to have been common to all minifters of the firft and fecond order; during which time the appropriate name for bifhops, to diftinguifh them from meer preibyters, was that of Apoftles. Thus Theodoret fays exprefly, the fame perfons were antiently called promifcuoufly both bifhops and prefbyters, whilft thofe who are now called bifhops, were called Apoftles. Thus, he fays, Epapbroditus was the Apoftle of the Philip- pians, T'itus the Apoftle of the Cretians, and Timothy the^j/7/eoftbe Afiatics, Bing. Orig. Ecclef. 1. i.e. 2. fee. 1.

Apostle, in middle age writers, is alfo ufed to denote the book of St. Paul's epiftles, or the epiftle which was taken out of them. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 262. In this fenfe we meet with, reading the Apoftle ; then follows the Apojlle, delude fequitur Apoftolus, that is, a lefion out of St. Paul's epiftles.' — Let him read the Apoftle and thegofpel,^.* This is fometimes alfo called Apoftolicum. The fub-deacou had the care of the Apoftolicum, and the archdeacon of the Evangelium, or gofpcl.

Apostle, Apoftolus, is alfo ufed for a letter dimiflbry given by a bifhop, either to a clerk, or a layman, when going into an- odic* diocefe ; the layman for ordination there, and the clerk either to be admitted to adminifter the facraments, or be en- tered in the catalogue of another church. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 262. SecDiMissoRY, Cyd. Apoftoli were alfo given by officials, and ecclefiaftical judges, in cafe of perfons fent to Rome on appeals to the pope. All letters of appeal were fometimes alfo denominated Apoftoli. Matth. Paris writes the word, in this fenfe, Apojiilli. Hift. p. 458.

Apostles is alfo a denomination of a feet of heretics, more frequently called Apoftolici. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 263. See Apostolici, Cyd.

APOSTOL/EUM, or Apostolium, in ecclefiaftical writ- ters, denotes a church dedicated to, and called by, the name of an Apoftle. Bingb. Orig. Ecclef L 8. c. 1. §. 8. Sui£. Thef. T. 1. p. 473.

Soxomen fpeaks of the Apoftolaum of St. Peter at Rome, of the Apoftolaum of St. Peter and St. Paul at Quercus near Chalcedon.

In this fenfe Apoftolaum ftands diftinguifhed from Prophetaum, Martyrium, &c.

APOSTOLARE, Apostolicake, Jpoftolizing, in fome middle age writers, denotes the being preferred to the dignity of pope. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 261.

APOSTOLATE, in a general fenfe, is ufed for miflion. In this fenfe Olearius has a difcourfe exprefs concerning the Apoftolate of Chrift. Lipf. 1681. 4.

Apos-