Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/162

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f urncbus takes the word, in this fenfe, to be a corruption of the text, introduced for Agrarea. Turncb. Advert. 1. 4. c. 7.

ANGEIOTOMY, in furgery, is ufed by fornc to denote an arti- ficial feaion of the vcffels, as in bleeding-. The word is formed of teyyim, vellbl, and iiy^tr, feco, I cut. •In this fenfe Angeiotomy may be divided into phlebotomy and ar- teriotomy. See Arteriotomy and Phlebotomy

ANGEL (Gyd.)— The whole angehlogia, or doanne of An- gels is full of difficulties and difputes. The inteipperatecuno- fity of men has led them to enquire, not only concerning their nature, charafters, offices, and operations ; but con- cerning their hiftory, their number, their names, and what not. What a fource of vain conjeftures ? Mich. Pfellus gives 'this reafon why Jngels are lefs numerous than mankind, viz. that they are nearer to unity. I. e. God. M. Pfell. dc Om- nifaf. Doar. n. 19. Fabric. Bibl. Gra:c. T. 5. p. 128. By the antient councils men are forbid to frame or give parti- cular names to Jngels ; the only names owned by the church are Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, to which is fometimes added Uriel. Du Cange, Gfloff. Lit. T. 1. Add. p. 13+7- Before the Babylonilh captivity the Jews did not know the name of any Angel ; at lealt we find none mentioned in the books written before this event. The Talmudifts fay they brought thel'e names from Babylon : it is true we find many of them called by their names in the book of Enoch ; but this is known to be fpurious, and to have been written after the captivity we are fpcaking of. Tobit is the firft who has called an Angel by his proper name : he mentions Raphael who con- duaed Tobias into Media. Tobit is thought to have lived at Nineveh Tome time before the captivity of Judah ; Daniel, who lived at Babylon fome time after Tobit, lias taught us the names of Michael and Gabriel. The fecond book of Efdras fpeaks of Uriel ; but this book is modern in comparifon, the author of it having in all probability lived fince the time of Jefus Chrift. The JewRh cabalifts make fome particular Angels, whofe names they give us, to have been preceptors to the patriarchs ; for example, they fay that Adam's preceptor was called Ra- ziel, Shem's Jcphiel, Abraham's Zedekiel, Ifaac's Raphael, Jacob's Seliel, Jofeph's Gabriel, Mofes's Metraton, or Me- tator, that is, he who fhews the field ; Elias's Malufhiel, and David's Cerviel. Calm. Dia. Bibl. T. 1. in voc. Julian denied the creation of Angels, by reafon Mofes makes no mention of it in his hiftory. Juflinian condemns thofe who follow this opinion. The antients give two reafons for Mofes's filence concerning the creation of Angels ; the firft, that this prophet had only in view to defcribe the crea- tion of viliblc things ; the fecond, that he was filent on this point to avoid giving the Jews any handle for idolatry. Authors are divided as to the time of the creation of Angels ; fome will have it to have been before the creation of our World, or even before all ages, that is, from eternity ; this was Origcn's opinion, who according to Leontius held that all fpirits, Angels, devils, and even human fouls were from eternity.

Others hold Angels to have been created before the world, yet not from eternity, of which opinion are Nazianzen and others. Others again maintain that they were created at the fame time with our world, but on what day is difputed. Theo- doret and Epiphanius fix their date from the firft day. By Angels of the Lord, in fcripture, are often meant men of God, prophets, CSV. Then (pake Hagai the Angel of the Lord from among the Angels of the Lord; Malachi the laft of the twelve fmall prophets, is by feveral of the fathers called the Angel of God ; and this in reality is what his name fig- nifies in Hebrew. Some believe Efdras to be defcribed by the name of Malachi, or Angel of the Lord. The name of God is given in fcripture to Angels, becaufe they aSed in the name of God, were his ambafl'adors, were intrufted with his power, and the intepretation of hi3 orders. They are not only called Elohim, and Adonai, names fome- times attributed to judges and princes, but by that likewife of Jehovah, which belonged to God only, whofe majefty they reprefentcd.

In Deuteronomy it is faid, that when the Lord divided men, he divided them according to the name of the Angels of God. Deut. xxx. 8.

Deftroying Angel, Angel of death, Angel of Satan, the Angel of the bottomlefs-pit, are terms ufed in fcripture to fignify the theDevi! and his agents, the cv\\ Angels. The Angel of Death is he to whom God has given a commiffion to feparate the foul from the body. The Jews, Arabians, Turks, and Perfians own fuch an one. The Perfians call him Mordad or Afuman. The Rabbins and Arabians give him the name of Azrael; and the Chaldee paraphrafts that of Malk-admonfa. Others, as the book concerning the affumption, or the death of Mofes, call him the Angel Samael, prince of the devils. Good Angels are called Angels of light, and thofe on the contrary who are the devil's minifters, Angels of Darknefs. Calm. Dia. Bibl. in voc. Angel Fijh, in ichthyology, the Englifh name of the fifh called by the generality of authors the fquatina, and by fome the fquatus and Rhine. It is alfo called the monk-fijh, and is according to the Artedian fyftem a fpecies of the fqualns, , diftinguifhed from the others of that genus by the name of I

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thejquahs with no pinna ani, and with the mouth placed in the top of the head. See the articles Sqjjatina and Squall's.

ANGELIC [Cycl.) — Angelic Powder, an hyperbolical epi- thet given by fome to the mercurius vitce. Sehrod. Pharm. 1. 3. c. 15. See alfo Libav. Synt. Chem. Arc. 1. 4. c. 17.

Angelic Poem, an appellation given by fome to compolitions in verfe, prefcribing rules for good morals. Hedcr. Schul. Lex. p. 245.

Such e. gr. are the golden verfes of Pythagoras ; the carmen, ntiluu> of Phocylides; the Gnomes or fentences of Theog- nis ; not to mention the moral diftichs of Cato.

ANGELICA, {Cycl.) in botany, the name of a genus of plants, thecharaaers of which are thefe. They are of the rounded headed umbelliferous kind ; the flower is rofaceous or compofed of feveral leaves difpofed in a circular form and placed upon a cup, which afterwards becomes a fruit compofed of two oblong thick feeds, larger than thofe of parfly, and gibbofe and ftriated on one fide and plain on the other. To this it may be added, that the leaves are alated, and compofed of large fegments.

The fpecies of Angelica enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe.

1. The common fmallcr wild Angelica, called gout-wort.

2. The yellow flowered American Angelica. 3. The Alpine Angelica, with flowers at the joints of the ftalks. 4. The fmallage-leaved perennial mountain Angelica, called by fome ligufticum or lovage. 5. The parfley-leaved marfh Angelica, called fefeli and filaum. 6. The narrower leaved marfh Ange- lica. 7. The columbine-leaved, perennial mountain Ange- lica, called by many libanotis. 8. The fine leaved American Angelica, with afphodel-roots. 9. The Canada Angelica, with leaves as if eaten to pieces, and ending each in a very long narrow one. Tourn. Inft. p. 313.

The roots of the garden Angelica are of considerable ufe in medicine ; the leaves alfo are fometimes ufed, and the feeds. It is a ftomachic, a cordial, and fudorific ; it is good in flatu- lencies, and is by many ranked among the vulnerary herbs. It is prefcribed in malignant difeafes of all kinds, againft the efreas of poifons, and in the plague.

It has been a cuftom with fome phyficians, in the times of contagion of this kind, to make a pafte of the frefn roots beaten with vinegar, and to carry this in a box about them ready to be applied to the nofc occafionally ; others prefer the holding a piece of the dry root in the mouth, and others the drinking a glafs of ftrong vinegar, in which it has been infufed, faffing.

It has alfo been a cuftom to fprinklc the powder of the root over the cloaths of perfons who go among the infeaed, through an opinion that it preferves them from imbibing the effluvia, which otherwife they might carry elfewhere. Geoffrey, Ma- ter. Med. Vol. 2. p. 8.

A dram of the powder of the root alone, or half that quantity with a dram of venice treacle, are recommended to be given as a remedy in the plague, to be repeated every fix hours, and a gentle fweat to be kept up all the time. The root is ufed in many of our fhop compofitions, as in the plague-water, &c. and the dried leaves are a principal in- gredient in the ladies red powder, famous in England for the cure of fevers,

The Laplanders are extremely fond of Angelica, vc\& ufe it in great abundance both in meat and medicine. They ufe only the ftalks, never medling with the roots or feed, in which we find the higher! flavour and greater! virtue. They gather the large ftalks before the plant is run to feed, and roaft them or bake them till they are thoroughly tender, and then eat them as a delicate difh.

When they are fick, they boil either thefe ftalks or the roots of the mofs which they call jerth in water, and in worfe cafes in whey made of rain-deer milk, and give large draughts of this decoaion to keep up a breathing fweat; and it is won- derful to conceive how frequent the pleurify and fmall pox are among them, and yet how few die of them, tho' this is their only medicine.

ANGELITjE, Angelites, in ecclcfiaftical hiftory, a kind of an- tient heretics, thus denominated from Augelium, the name of a place, in Alexandria, where their firft aflemblies were held. Niceph. Hift. Ecclef. 1. 18. c. 49.

The Angelites appear to have been the fame with what are otherwife called Severiies, fometimes Tlicoioflani and Dami- anifii, from the names of their leaders. Sometimes alfo Ta- bellionijltc.

They made their firft appearance in the time of the emperor Anaftafius and popeSymmachus, about the year of Chrift 494. The diftuvniiihing tenets of the Angelita were, that the fe- veral perfons of the trinity had no diftina cflence, fubftance, or deity ; but only a fubfiftance or deity in common, or in- divifible among them. Prateol. Heraef. 1. I. n. 37.

ANGELOLATRIA, the fuperftitious worfhip, or adoration of angels. S<nV. Thef. T. 1. in-voc. See Angel.

ANGELOLOG1A, the doarine orfcience of angels, their na- tures, office, C3V.

Gerhard has publifhed a facred Angelologia, Mufseus an apof- tolical Angelologia. Lifen. Bibl.Theol. T. I. p. 40. feq.

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