Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/161

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tery, and its moll common occafion a puncture of that ar- teiy in bleeding j but the fame accident may happen to any artery, and from various caufes, and is often the cafe in the internal arteries, from falls, blows and violent drains ; in the arm it often happens from the outer coat only of the ar- tery having been cut in bleeding, and the inner one giving way by degrees, as not of ftrength to bear the impulfe of the blood. Tiiefe are at firft very fmall and difregarded by the patient, but they grow at length to the fize of an egg, and fometimes even to that of a man's head. The AneUrifms of the great internal arteries are moll fatal of all otheis, thofe of their external branches are often re- medied, but thofe in the arm frequently after the operation are attended with a wafting of the arm, and an amputation becomes neceffary. The natural burfting of an Aneurifm is very dangerous, as the patient may be loft in a minute's time, if the artery be not compreffed above ; fometimes fur- geons have alfo opened the larger Aneurifms, miftaking them for abfcefles. Uei/ier's Surgery, p. 290. The method of curing a flight Aneurifm in the arm or elfewhere, is either by deligation and compreffion, or by incifion ; the firft ought always to be firft tried, and is done either by ftrait bandages with compreffes, or by an engine invented for that purpofe. Small Aneurifm are often thus cured ; but when large and dangerous, the operation by the knife muft be called in. In this the firft care is to ftop the courfe of the blood by the tournequet, the fecond to denudate the artery, and free it from the adjacent integuments, and the laft to contract or conftringe it either by medicine or ligature. The fpurious Aneurifm is often produced by the burfting of the true kind, under the integuments, and in this cafe is to be treated as the true, and cured by the operation with the knife, and by ligature or cauflicks ; but in all thefe cafes the ligature feems the bell method.

When any part of an artery has loft its fpring, it is lefs ca- pable than before to refill the impulfe of the blood. This part of a canal, which is continually pufbed by the blood, muft therefore become gradually more and more dilated ; and by degrees there becomes formed in the part that fort of tumor which furgeons and anatomifts call an Aneurifm by dilatation, or the true Aneurifm ; and this dilated part of the veffel is, properly fpeaking, a kind of bag through which the blood that firft formed it is continually paffing.

When an artery has by any means been wounded, the blood which efcapes thro'the orifice caufes another fort of tumor ; and this is called an Aneurifm by wounding, or a fpurious Aneurifm. Vid. fupra.

Thefe two diforders, tho' both called by the fame name of Aneurifm, it is eafy to fee are however very different in their nature and characters. They only agree in having the fame veffel for their origin, while in one the blood is contained within the artery, and in the other it is extravafated. It is eafy to con- ceive that in the firft cafe, the blood which forms the tumor retains its fluidity, whereas in the Aneurifm from a wound, the fame blood which firft forms the tumor remains there, and in time coagulates, and is no more received into the round of the circulation. The Aneurifm by dilatation forms itfelf very flowly, for the veffel having yet fome fpring or force in the part, gives way but by a very little at a time, and refills in fome meafure the impulfe ; but the Aneurifm from a wound rifes to a large bulk in a very little time, and that the more quickly as the orifice and the veffel wounded are larger. The Aneu- rifm by dilatation is always foft, as the blood which forms the fwelling Hill retains its fluidity ; that by a wound is harder ; and the firft difappears when preffed by the fingers, whereas the other is not to be preffed away. In both cafes there is felt, on touching the tumor, avibration correfpondent to that of the pulfe ; but this is much more evident in the Aneurifm by dila- tation than in the other. On touching the Aneurifm bydilatation there is always perceived a fort of flufluation, which is very little if at all to be found in the other kind ; and if the ear be laid to the former kind, it in like manner perceives a noife like the rolling of waters, whereas this is not to be perceived, or at the utmoft only very faintly, in the Aneurifm from a wound. The Aneurifm by dilatation always forms an equal and circumfcribed tumor, whereas the other kind forms one perfectly irregular, and often is varioufly blended among the membrana adipofa ; and finally the colour of the fkin is not changed by an Aneurifm by dilatation, whereas it is always bluilh or black in the other.

It might feem needlefs to have given fo many characters for the diilinction of thefe two kinds of Aneurifm, fince'any one of them might appear fufficient alone ; but in truth all thefe are fcarcely fufficient, and the furgeons of the prefent age have often miftaken one kind for the other, tho' they have examined the tumor carefully. It is certain that an / Aneurifm by a wound has often very much of the external

appearance of one caufed only by a dilatation of the veffel ; and on the other hand, an Aneurifm by dilatation frequently at length becomes an Aneurifm by wound, by the diftended veffels breaking in fome weak part and extravafating a large quantity of blood. This is a cafe that may eafily perplex and puzzle the ablefl furgeon, who had not feen the malady in the beginning ; fmce as the extravafated blood forms a Suppl. Vol. I.

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thflSr? 1 * 1 b >' dc f<* s coagulates, all the fymptoms of the Aneurifm : by a wound come on by degrees, while the di- lation of the artery can no longer be perceived oconfid' r hfT ; '" ° rder '° Jud S e ***<**&, we are to coniider, that when an arteryis but divided by a fmall wound,
 * fer^" I n y, WOlmd . are more fra l uent t] ™ *ofe formed

riJ hi T ■l, P c 0per de S ree 0f com Prefli°n given to the part, the blood will form a fort of covering to the- wound, and fill! mg it up, will prevent the other blood from flowing; out till the orifice ,s perfeflly cicatrized; and fometimes this cicatrix will remain firm and intire, fometimes it is removed after- wards, and fucceeding extravafations happen. The moll common Aneunfms by wound happen from bleeding in the arm ; m thefe, if the artery be but (lightly wounded, and the

fiZT r" d . C ° mp ? fs pr °P cr, >' a PP lied > the ™re B often per- formed, fo that no farther mifchitf enures ; but if the wound is larger, or the compreffion lefs regular, bad fymptoms come on iooner or later, and there often is a neceffity at laft of fub- mitting to the operation of opening the fkin, difperfing the blood, and clofing the veffel. Mem. Acad. Scienc. Par. r 736. '

Mr. du Vernoi defcribes an aneurifmalte, fituate on the third to he hxth vertebra of the thorax, which he fays was the aorta di- aled into a fac fix inches and an half wide, and as many inches long. Its coats had a great many bony lamina: in them, and were railed into unequal protuberances. The poftcrior part of this fie adhered fo firmly to tile carious bodies of the vertebra;, that it was impoffible to feparate them, and thefe large depremons were made fo deep into thevcrtebrse, as to bewithin a line or two of the cavity for the medulla fpinalis. He feems to think the Ancu- n/mwas owing to the caries of the bones, by which the fupport the arteries generally have onone fidewas taken away. The man who had this Aneurifm was plump, well coloured, and in ap- pearance healthy. Comment. Acad. Petrop. Tom. 6.

ANGARI, or Angarii, in antiquity, denote public couriers, appointed for the carrying of meflages.

The antient Perfians, Buda=us obferves, had their cyy H ti„ certain ftages or dlftances, always in readinefs to receive the dlfpatches from one and forward them to another with won- derful celerity, anfwering to what the moderns call pods, q. d. pofitl, as being ported at certain places or ftages. V. Hem- dot. 1. 8. Salmaf. ad Capitol, in Pio. c. 12. Stewech. ad Veget. 1. 1. c. 3. Fabri Thef. invoc.
 * &!>*£*, which was a fet of couriers on horfeback, polled at

The -Angari were alfo called by the Perfians AJiandce; by the Greeks, Jjue^W', on account of the long journies they made in one day, which according to Suidas amounted not to lefs than 1500 ftadiums.

Angart is alfo applied figuratively to porters, and others em- ployed in laborious offices, as bearing burdens. Calv. Lex Jur. p. 67.

ANGARIA, (Cycl.) in the civil law, denotes a duty required of the fubjedls to furnifh out horfes and carriages for convey- ing of corn for the foldiers, and fuch tilings as bclono-ed to the fifcus.

This duty goes by the name of eurfus publicus, angaria, par- angaries, tranflatio, and eveaio. The horfes ufed in this fer- vice are particularly called para-veredi, and equi curfuales. Angaries are generally underftood as exclufive of fhips, though on fome occafions thefe were preffed into the fervice for tranf- porting provifions and the like. Cahi. ibid. Angaria: differ from parangaria, in that the former are con- fined to public or main roads, the latter to oblique or crofs- roads. Calv. loc. cit.

In the book of feuds, the performance of Angaries and par- angariie is ranked in the number of royal Cervices L 9 Tit. 56. '

The clergy at firft were exempt from this fervice, by two laws of Conftantius, made in the former part of his reicni, which exprefsiy excufe both their perfons and their eftates from the duty of the para::gari,s. But by another law made in the laft year of his reign, Anno 360. he revoked this privilege. This continued in force not only under Ju- lian, but under Valentinian, till by a contrary law in 382, the clergy were reftored to their antient privilege, which was farther confirmed to them by Honorius, in 412, whofe law is Hill extant in both the codes; yet Theodofiusjunior, andVa- lentian the third, in 440, again took away their privilege, and by two laws made church lands liable to thefe burdens of the Angaria-, parangaria-, &c. whenever the emperor fhould be upon any march or expedition, as well as others. Btngb. Orig. Ecclcf 1. 5. c. 3. §. 10.

Richter • and Stolberg b have difcourfes exprefs on Anga- ria:.—^ Lipen. Bibl. Jur. p. 17. Ejufd. Bibl. Theol. p. 39. " Did', de Angariis. Veterurh. Ext. Ap. Exerc. Grac. ling. Francof. 1688. 4°. V. Ouvr. des Scav. 1688. p 400 feq.]

Angaria, in a ftill more extenfive fenfe, is ufed for any kind of vexation or oppreffion, whether of body, mind, or cftatc. Hence alfo in fome writers it is ufed for the afl of compcl- ing. VCalm. Diet. Bibl. in voc. Magri, Vocab. Ecclef in voc. Angari'are.

AN ?^- A isalfoure<J in antient military writers, for a guard of foldiers polled in any place for the fecurity of it feget 1.1. c, 3. It. 1. 2,c. 19. It.l.3. c.8. Aquiu. Lex. Mtlit. 2 R Tur-