Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/155

 A N C

A N C

It retakes a fpecies, or rather degree, of the fiftula lacrymalis. When the tumor is broke, and the tears flow involuntarily, whilft the os lacrimals is not carious, it is an aegylops ; but when the ulcer is of a long ftanding, deep, fetid, and theV lacry- male becomes carious, it is a fiftula. Shaw, Pract. Phyf. P- 45-

I he Anchthps is fometimes attended with an inflammation, and then remfemblcs a phlegmon ; but when not inflamed it approaches nearer to thofe tumors called Atheromata, Stea- tomata and Melicerides.

Its cure is by reftri&ion and excifion ; tying it at the root on the Glandula lacrymalis ; and when ready, cutting it off. Pur- man. Chirurg. Curiof. 1. i.e. 26.

ANCHIROMACUS, in middle age writers, denotes a kind of veflel, which' on account of its nimble failing, was ufed for the conveyance of anchors, and other neceflary utenfils of- fliips. Ifid. Orig. 1. 19. c. 1.

In this fenfe, the word is alfo written Ancyromagus, Anchi- romachus, Ancyromacus, Angromagus, Anquiromagus, and An- guiromagus. Du Cange, GloflT. Lat. T. 1. p. 183.

ANCHOR (Cycl.)— Proof is made of Anchors, by raifing them to a great height, and then letting them fall again on a kind of iron block placed acrofs for the purpofe. — To try whether the flookes will turn to the bottom, and take hold of the ground, they place the Anchor on an even furface, with the end of one of the flookes, and one of the ends of the flock refting on the furface ; in cafe the Anchor turn* and the point of the flooke rife upwards, the Anchor is good. Bafkets full of ftones are mentioned by Eunapius as ufed in lieu of Anchors j and ihftead of thefe they fometimes made ufe of bags of fand. But thefe chiefly obtained in rocky places, where other forts of Anchors would not take hold. V. Suid.

Lex. in VOC. fyuypa^

The tirft Anchors of iron, had only a flooke on one fide ; this fort the Greeks called ^§0^05. The contrivance was com- ■pleated by Eupalamius, who made them flooked both ways ; though fome afcribe the honour of this to Anacharfis the Scythian. V. Plin. I. y.c. 56. Strab. 1. 7. p. 209. Schcjfer, de Milit. Nav. 1. 11. c. 5. Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. in voc. All Anchors have now two arms ; not but they might ftill be ufed with only one arm, which ftru£ture would have this ad- vantagej that they would be lighter, and yet in fine weather would hold equally firm with the double kind. The reafon of having two arms is, that the Anchor may always take, in order to which it is neceflary that it be very heavy ; bciides that Anchors with a Jingle arm would require more prepara- tion for Service-. Aubin. Diet. Mar. in voc. For the proportions of Anchors, according to Manway- ring, the fhank is to be thrice the length of one of the flookes, and half the length of the beam ; according to Aubin, the length of the Anchor is to be four tenths of the greateft breadth of thefhip: fo that the ihank, e. gr. of an Anchor in a veflel thirty footwide is to be twelve foot long. When the fhank is for inftance eight foot long, the two arms are to be feven foot long, meafuring them according to their curvity. As to the de- gree of curvity given the arms i there is no rule for it; the workmen are here left to their own difcretion. Aubin gives a table from a Flcmiih writer wherein the lengths of the (hanks of Anchors, for veffels of all widths, is com- puted, as well as the weights of the Anchors, from a veflel eight foot wide within, which requires an Anchor 3 | foot long, weighing thirty three pound, to a veflel forty-five foot wide, which demands an Anchor eighteen foot long and weighing 5832 pounds.

Veffels that fail on rivers have at leaft one Anchor, thofe which fail in the canals of Zealand have two Anchors, but thofe which go to fea have always three, four, or more. Aubin. lib. cit. p. 27. :

The diftindtions of Anchors are taken from their ufe,. and the proportion they bear in the fhip, where they are employed ; for that which in one fhip would be called but a kedger, or kedge Anchor, in a letter would be a meet Anchor. The kedge Anchor is the fraalleft, which by reafon of its light- nefs, is firft to Hop the fhip in kedging a river. This is what the Dutch failors call Werp Anchor ^ the French Ancre a toner. It ought to weigh 450 pounds.

Stream Anchor is a fmall Anchor fattened to 'a ftream cable, wherewith to ride in rivers, and gentle ftreams, and to flop a tide withal in fair weather. BoteL Sea Dial, p, 238.

Sheet or Sbeat Anchor is the biggeft and ftrongeftj being that which the feamen call their la£t hope ; never to be ufed but in great extremity.

This is what the Romans called Anchora Sacra ; the Dutch Pfegt Anker, and Stop Anker } the French Maitrcjfe Ancre, or Grande Ancre.

The other Anchors are called by thenameof the firft, fecond, and third Anchor ; by any of which the fhip may ride in any rea- fonable weather, fea-gate, or tide. — Thefe are fomething big- ger one than another, and ufually when they fail in any ftreights, or are near a port, they carry two of thefe at the bow i m which refpect they are alfo called by the name of; firft. and fecond bowers.

Second Anchor, called by the Dutch Boeg-Anker, or Daage- lyks~Anker y is that ordinarily made ufe of.

Croft Anchor, called by the Dutch Tuy-Anker, or Vertuy-An ker^ and by the French Ancre d'ajfourche, is a middling An- chor thrown acrofs or oppofite to another. —This ought to weigh 1500 pound, or near as much as the fecond Anchor.

Riding at Anchor, in the fea language, the ftate of a veflel moored and fixed by her Anchors at fome proper ftation. See Mooring, CycL and SuppL ,

Where a great number of vefTcIs are moored in the fame port, care is to be taken by the pilots, or thofe who have the com- mand, that each fhip be at a due diftance from the reft to pre- vent their running foul of each other ; alfo that they be nei- ther too near, nor too far from land. The proper fpace betwixt veffels is from two to three cables length.

Dropping or letting fall r/;* Anchor, otherwife called "catting Anchor, imports the letting it go down into the fea. In fome cafes it is neceffary to drop two Anchors oppofite to each other, one of them to keep the fhip firm againft the tide, or flow, the other againft the ebb.

Weighing Anchor imports the acl of with-drawmg or reco- vering the Anchor into the veflel, in order for failing.

Digging Anchor is when the Anchor gives way, or lofes its hold in the ground by the force of the wind, or fea, and the veflel drives from its place.

Clearing the Anchor fignifies the getting the cable oiF the flooke.

Gcnerallyalfo when they let fall the Anchor, they ufe this term, to fee that the buoy rope, nor any other ropes hang about it.

Fetching or bringing home the Anchor denotes the weighing it iii the boat and bringing it aboard the fhip. The Anchor is fuid to come home, when the fhip drives away with the tide or fea.- — This may happen, either becaufe the Anchor is too fmall for the burthen of the fhip, or by rea- fon the ground is fort, andoozie; in fuch places fhoeing is ufed; ,

Shoeing the Anchor denotes putting boards on the flookes, in the form of flookes themfelvcs, to make it broader than before, ufed when they are obliged to Anchor in bad ground to prevent the fhip from driving.

This is what the French mariners call breder T 'Ancre, and the Dutch, /' Anker bekleeden.

In fome cafes they have been known to tallow the Anchors^ where the ground being foft, the ordinary would not hinder them from coming home. Manwayring faw an inftance of tallowing the Anchor in Porto Tareen by Tunis. The reafon of the advantage is hard to aflign ; he fuppofes it to be, that the tallow finks deeper into the ooze, and finds fome harder ground at the bottom, than the other. Other terms and words of command relating to the Anchors are, the Anchor is a peeke, that is, when heaving up the An- chor^ the cable is right perpendicular betwixt the hawes and the Anchor ; the Anchor is cock-ball, when the Anchor hangs right down by the fhip's fide : this word is given by the matters, when they are ready to bring the fhip to an An- chor. The Anchor is foul, that is when the cable, by the turn- ing of the fhip, is hitched or got about the flooke ; which 'will not only cut the cable afunder, but hinder the Anchor from holding. . . .-

On this account when they come to an Anchor where there is a tide, they lay out two Anchors, by which means on the turning of the tide the fhip winds up clear of either., juftin a and Appian relate:; that all the' Seleucides 'were born marked with an Anchor on the thigh ; on which account An- tiochus Soter, Antiochus ®w, and Demetrius, Nicator, Se- leucus, and many of his fuccefTors have Anchors engraven on their medals »>.— [* jty?. Hift. 1. 15. c. 4. b Spanheim; de Pr?eft. Numrnifm. p. 404. feq. TreY. Diet. Univ. in voc]

Anchor, Anchora, in literary matters, the figure of an Au- thor, reprefented in antient books ; which is of two kinds, fuperior and inferior. The fuperiorj &c. is where the crooked part is uppermoft; ufed to denote a thing or paflage ftrongly exprefied. Du Cange, Glolf. Lat. in voc: Tlie inferior is were the crooked part is at the bottom, to de- note a thing poorly or meanly fet forth. Ifid, Orig. 1. 1. c. 20;

Anchor is alfo ufed in a lefs proper fenfe, for any thing that holds another thing faft, or prevents its driving. In this fenfe, fea-mufcles are faid to rife at Anchor, by a fort of threads the thicknefs of a large hair, which they emit out of their body, to the number fometimes of a hundred and fifty, which fattening to the ftones and other adjacent bodies, keep them firm in their place. — The fame is done by the Pinna Marina^ Vid. Reaumur? in Hift. Acad. Scienc. 1711. p. 10, feq.

ANCHORAGE, (Cycl.) in middle age writers, is called Ancho- ragia and Ankeragia. V. Dugd. Monaft. TV*' p- 718, 976. In fome towns of Italy and Sicily, there is a fpecial officer ap- pointed to collect this duty, under the denomination of An- chorag'ius Partus, Ancoragio del Porto. Du Cangc, Gloff. Lat. in voc.

ANCUSA, Alkamt, in the Linnasan fyftem of botany, the. name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The cup is an oblong cylindric perianthium, divided into five fegments at the edge^ and remaining when the flower is fallen ; the flower is compofed of a fingle petal, which is a cylindric

tube