Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/151

 ANA

filaments of the length of the cup ; they ftand ere& and open, and two oppofite ones are fomewhat bent, and are fhorter than the reft. The antherae are roundifh. The germen of the piftill is bifid and very fmall ; the ftyle is fubulated and of the length of the (lamina ; the ftigma is headed. The fruit is an extreamly fliort bilocular pod, the membrane which forms the divifion between the two cells, terminating in an oblique inflated fubulated ftyle longer than the pod. The feeds arc fingle and roundifh. Linnat, Gen. Plant, p. 311. ANASTOMOSIS (Cjw/.)— It is a queftion among Anatamifts, whether the uterine arteries and veins anajlomofe with the veins and arteries of the fecundines. Mr. Monro holds the ne- gative, and he thinks that feveral inconveniences are avoided by the want of this Anaftamafts. V. Med. Eft. Edinb. Vol. 2- P* J 33- f e( l- See Foetus. ANASTROUS Signs, in aftronomy, an appellation given to the Duodecatimor'ia, or the twelve portions of the ecliptic, which the figns pofieffed antiently, but have deferred by the praeceffion of the sequinox. KeU t Aftron. Left. 8- p. 81. ANASTROPHE, A>osrgopu, in the antient military art, de- notes the return of a battalion to its former ftation, after a turn or evolution either to the right or left. Potter, Archae- ol. 1. 3. c 6. Suid. in voc.

The Anajhopbe ftands oppofed to the epiftrophe. Anastrophe alfo denotes a grammatical figure, whereby a prepofition, which regularly ought to precede, is placed after its cafe, e. g. Saxa per et fcopulos. Faber. Thef. p. 157. Anastrophe, in rhetoric, denotes a quaint inverfion of the or- der of the words in a fentence, e. gr. ut fare pvjfss ad quo te expediat loqui, for quoad expediat te loqui. Hcdcr. Schul. Lex. p 233. ANATHEMA, (CycL) in heathen antiquity, denotes a prefent offered to fome god, and hung up in his temple. In which fenfe, the word is written in Greek, AvxHypx. In reality mod Greek writers, diflinguifh Anathema written with a long e, A*«e^*, from Anathema with a Ihort e, Ah&Ge,u.» ; tho' Bcza and fome others reject the difference. — Pollux in his lexicon obferves, that the word properly GgniBes gifts de- dicated to the gods. This interpretation is confirmed by He- fychius, who explains Anathema by ornaments. Suic. Thef. Ecclef. in voc. Atabtpa,

Making prefents to the gods was a cuftom even from the earlieft times, either to pacify them when angry, or to ob- tain fome future benefit, or as a grateful acknowledgment of fome paft favour. They confifted of crowns and gar- lands, garments, cups of gold or other valuable metals, and any other thing which conduced to the ornament or the en- riching of the temples.

Thefe were commonly termed av*6^a1«, and fometimes eaa- huifctox i from their being depofited in the temple where they fometimes were laid on the floor, fometimes hung upon the walls, doors, pillars, or the roof, or any other confpicuous place. Sometimes the occafion of the dedication was in- fciibcd either upon the thing itfelf, or, when the matter of that could not bear an infeription, upon a tablet hung up with it.

When any perfon left his employment, or way of life, it was cuftomary to dedicate the inftruments belonging to it, as a grateful commemoration of the divine favour and protection. Thus in an antient Greek epigram we find a fiflier makes a prefent of his nets to the nymphs of the fea. Shepherds hung up their pipe to Pan, or fome of the country deities, as we find done by one in Tibullus. So Lais decayed with age, dedicates her mirror to Venus \ Paufanius has left us a particular description of the Anathemata in the Delphian temple, which was the richeft of any in Greece b. — [ a Potter, Archxol. i. 2. c. 4. b Potter, loc. cit.] The term Anathema alfo occurs in a like fenfe applied to chriftian offerings.

The Anathemata or ornaments of the antient churches, are otherwife called in ecclefiaftical writers Donaria. Such in particular were thofe called Edrirftprfoc, anfwering to the votive tablets of the heathens. Alfo pictures, mofaics. inferiptions, and at length images, ftatues, crucifixes, &c. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 8. Anathema is more particularly applied to men devoted to the dil inferi, or infernal gods. Calv.Lex. Jur. in voc. In allufion to the heathen offerings, Socrates thinks the ter___ Anathema was introduced for excommunication, becaufe thereby a man's condemnation was publifhed and proclaimed as if it were hung up upon a pillar. Bingh. loc, cit. Some diftinguifh between Anathema and excommunication, fuppofing the former to be a greater degree of punifhment, the latter a milder. The effect of the latter is only to cut men off from the commerce of the faithful, that of the met to exclude them from the joy of heaven. Mem. de Trev. 1715. p. 859.

The council of Gangra clofes every one of its canons with the formula, Av*fisf*« sru, let him be Anathema or accurfed which fome interpret, let him be excluded from the church. others, let him be tormented by Satan here ; and others, let him be damned hereafter. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 2. Sea. 16.

ANA

This fame is the ftileof moft other councils, grounded on that form of St. Paul, « if we or an angel from heaven preach any other gofpel unto you, than that which we have preached unto you, let hirn be Anathema or accurfed." The antient Anathema in the judgment of feveral modern writers, amounted to no more than an excommunication, or expulfion from the church, and interdiction of all commu- nion with her. Accordingly in the antient canons, it is dif- tinguifhed by the names of «■«&*.«? a^ta-^^, the total fepa- ration, and Anathema, q. d. the curfe; as being the greateft curfe that could be laid upon man. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16.C.2. §.8.

Delivering untoSatan, appears to have been but another expref- fion tor this excommunication, and the fpiritual effects confe* quent to it, that is, the puniihment of the fouland not of the body- Others are of opinion, that befides this fpiritual puniihment naturally consequent to excommunication, there was in the apoftles days another confequent to it, which was a corporal power and poflefiion, or the infliction of bodily vexations and torments by the miniftry of Satan, on thofe who were delivered unto him. Dr. Hammond, Grotius, and Light* foot, are the great fupporters of this opinion among the mo- derns, and they have almoft the general concurrence of the antient interpreters on their fide a. In effect it fhould feem the general fenfe of the antients, both Greek and Latin, that the power of anathematizing was an extraordinary apoftolical power, diftincl from the ordinary power of excommunica- tion, fince we do not find that they made ufe of this phrafe, delivering unto Satan, in any of the ordinary forms of excom- munication, as being ienfible, that the church after the power of miracles was ceafed, had no pretence of inflicting bodily difeafes', as the apoftles had b. — [* Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. Lex. 16. c. 2. §. 15. b Bingh, loc. cit.] It is certain the church fometimes pronounced a total, final, and irreverfible fentence of excommunication againft fome more heinous criminals, keeping them under pennance all their lives, and denying them her external peace and com- munion at the hour of death, for example and terror c. But it is not fo apparent that file ufed to join execration to het cenfures, and devote men to temporal deftruction, not only by refufing to pray for them, but by praying againft them, that God would take them out of the world, and deliver his church by that means, from their malicious power and ma- chinations. Grotius thinks this was very rarely done; but yet there are fome examples of it ri. — [ c Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. i6-c. 2. §. 16. d Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. I. 16. c. 2. §. 17.] Maranatha is an extraordinary formula, which occurs in an- tient cenliires. Authors are divided concerning its import and ufe. There is little laid of the word maranatha among the antients, and Ieis of its ufe in any form of excommunication. St. Chryfoftom fays it is a Hebrew word, fignifying the Lard is come ; and he particularly applies it to the confufion of thofe who ftill abufe the privilege of the gofpel, notwithftanding that the Lord was come among them. St. jerom fays it was more a Syriac than an Hebrew word, tho' it had fomething in it of both languages, fignifying our Lord is come. But he applies it againft the perverfenefa of the Jews, and others who denied the coming of Chrift, making this the fenfe of the apoftle ; if any man love net the Lordjefus Chrift, let him be anathema, the Lord is corns. According to this fenfe, maranatha could not be any part of the form of excommunication, but only a reafon for pronoun- cing the anathema againft thofe who expreffed their hatred againft Chrift, by denying his coming, either in words, as the Jews did who blafphemed him, and called Jefus anathema or accurfed, or elfe by wicked works, as thofe who lived profanely under the name of Chriftian.

Others of the antients interpret the word of the future com- ing of Chrift, particularly St. Auftin, who fays maranatha is a Syriac word fignifying the Lord will come. And he parti- cularly applies it againft the Arians, who could not be faid to love the Lord, becaufe they denied his divine nature. Dr. Hammond and others will have Anathema maranatha to have anfwered to the third and high eft degree of excommunication among the Jews, called Shammatha. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 2. §. 16.

The reformed church of France in their fynod of Alez, at which Peter du Moulin aflifted as moderator in 1620, made an order, that in excommunication no one fhould ufe the form of delivering to Satan, neither fhould the cenfure of Anathema maranatha be pronounced againft any, for that no man was entitled to ufe that form, but he that knows the fecrets of reprobation. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. 1. 16. c. 2. §. 15. Balduinus, Deutrohmannus, Durrius, Stevartius, and others have written exprefsly concerning Anathemas. Hen. La- bertus, a German writer, has given an Anaihematologla, or doctrine of the church curfes, Vomketchen, Bann. Li- pen. Bibl. Thcol. p. 38. feq. ANATHEMATIZING, the a& of pronouncing an Anathema. See Anathema.

In which fenfe Anathematizing amounts to the fame with ex- communicating. See Excommunication, Cycl. The term is not only applied in fpeaking of perfons, but of doctrines and opinions.— Thus the council of Trent anathe- 4. matim