Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/150

 ANA

ANA

The Attic year was divided into ten parts according to the number of tribes, to whom the precedency in the fenate fell by turns.

Each divifion confifted of thirty five days; what remained after the expiration of thefe, to make the lunar year com- pleat, which according to their computation confifted of three hundred fifty-four days, were employed in the creation of magiftrates, and called ata^x," »js«f*», and ag^aigwioi. Potter, Archaeol. 1. I. c. 18.

ANARCHY {CycL )— All kinds of ftates are fubject to Anarchies. We read of civil Anarchies, ecclefiaftical or fpiritual Anarchies, and even Anarchies in the republic of letters. It has been objected to a learned prelate, that his principles tended to reduce Chrift's kingdom to an Anarchy a . Clem. Walker has given the hiftory of independency, Under the title of the Englifli Anarchy b . — [ a Vid. Bibl. Angl. T. 3. p. 251. b Lond. 1649, 4 t0, Wood, Athen. Oxon. T. 2. p. 146. J It has been fometimes controverted which cf the two is beft, a ftate of Anarchy, or of tyranny and arbitrary power. Vid. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 40. p. 262. Gate's Letters, T. 2. p. 207, 217.

Anarchy is fuppofed to have reigned after the deluge, before the foundation of monarchies a. We frill find it obtain in divers parts, efpecially of Africa and America ; e. gr. among the Itinois, who are obferved by travellers to live in a perfect independency of any fuperior b ; among the Canadefe, who are laid to be without either judges or priefts c ; among the Californians, where every family makes its own laws, as well as religion d ; in Chili, where every mafter of a family is a king c ; in the Marian iflands, where neither prince nor law is known, but every perfon governs himfclf according to his own fancy f ; and to mention no more, among the Hoten- tots, where the only refcmblance of government that is found is that in each neighbourhood, the eldeft is the firft in honour, and his advice chiefly followed, not from any civil authority he is vefted with, but in regard of his fuperior experience 5. — [' Vid. Thomajf. Mcth. Etud. Hift. 1. 1. c. 13. p. 207. b Lett. Edif. T. 11. p. 305. e Works of Learn. T. 5. p. 79. d Mem. de Trev. 1705. p. 1750. e Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 54. p. no. f Ouvr. des Scav. Mars 1702. p. 114. 8 Phil. Tranf, N°, 310. p. 2426.]

Some extend the idea of Anarchy further, fo as to make it comprehend all the more popular governments. In this fenfe, Anarchy amounts to much the fame with De- mocracy. See Democracy, CycL

Hobbs, in this fenfe, calls the Roman commonwealth an Anarchy. Chriji. Machiav. 1. 3. c. 6. p. 105.

Anarchy is alfo applied to certain troublefome and diforderly periods, even in governments other wife regular. — In Germany the fpace from the election of Richard duke of Cornwall to that of duke Rud. of Hapfburs;, is commonly called the Anarchy, or interregnum. Vid. Bibl. Germ. T. 3 p. 242. . In England, the period between the death of Cromwell and king Charles's rcftoration, is commonly reprefentcd as an Anarchy. Every month produced a new fcheme or form of government a. Enthufiafts talked of nothing but annulling all the laws, abolifhmg all writings, records, and regifters, and bringing all men to the primitive level b .— [ a Ouvr. des Scav. Tan. 1699. P* I0 - Works of Learn. T. 2. p. 103. b Bibl. Anc. Mod. T. 21. p. 94.J

No modern nation is more fubject to Anarchies than Poland ; where every interval between the death of one king and the election of another is a perfect picture of confufiori, infomuch that it is a proverb among that people, Poland is governed by coufuiion. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 12. p. 46. The Jewifii hiftory prefents numerous inftances of Anarchies in that ftate, ufually denoted by this phrafe, that in thofe days there was no king in Ifrael, but every man did that which was right in his own eyes c ; which is a juft picture of an A- narchy. The firft Anarchy we read of in that commonwealth, is that which enfued on the death of Jofhuah, who leaving no fucceffbr, the government devolved to the elders of the tribes, who ruled each according to his own mind. After the death

of thefe elders, the Anarchy became compleat d [ c Vid.

Judg. c. xvii. v. 6. Works of Learn. T. 2. p. 301. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 46. p. 448. d Calm. Diet, in voc]

ANARRHICAS, in ichthyology, the name given, by Artedi, to the fifh called by others the lupus marinus. He makes it a diftinct genus of fifties, of the malacopterygious, or foft-finned kind, diftinguifhed by the following characters. The bran- chioftege membrane on each fide contains fix or more bones. There are no belly fins, The back fin is fingle, and very long, reaching even to the tail. The pinna ani is lon» ; the tail is diftinct and fquare ; the head is fomewhat depreffed ; and the body fomewhat comprefled. The length of the fifh is three or four feet. It is of a variegated colour, and flippery to the touch. The mouth opens extremely wide ; the teeth are large, and ftand in the jaws and palate, and fauces. The eyes are large, and placed upwards. The pectoral fins large and roundifh. Artedi, Gen. Pifc. 18.

ANARRHINON, in botany, a name given by fome of the antients to the plant called by others lychnis agria, and by others antirrhinum. Pliny tells us, that this plant referjjbled I

flax ; that it had fcarce any root ; that its flower was of the colour of the hyacinth, and its fruit refembled the nofe of a calf. 'Tis from this refemblance that we at this time call the plant calve' 's fnout. Diofcorides fays, that it was like the anagallis.

ANAS, duck, in the Linnaean fyftem of zoology, the name of a large genus of birds, of the general order of an- feres. The diftiuguifhing characters of this genus are, that the beak is convex, and ends in an obtufc point. The birds of this genus are the fwan, goofe, widgeon, tyc. Linnai, Syftem. Natur. p. 46. See Du*cK.

Anas Compejlris, in zoology, the name of a bird common in trance, and ulually called tctrax, and canne petriere. It is of the fize of a pheafant, and of the nature of the buftard, having no hinder toe ; it runs very fwiftly, and fits on the ground as the duck does in the water, whence it has its name. Bellomus, de Avibus. See Tetrax.

ANASARCA (Cyd.)— This diftemper is fometimes alfo called Catafarca, fometimes Flypofarcidium, fometimes Epifarcidium, fometimes Aqua inter cutevi or inter cus, in regard this pituitous humour fpreads itfelf thro' theflefh. SerenusSamonicus elegantly calls it Lymphaticus error ; Albucafis calls it a dropfy by infil- tration. Friend, Hift. of Phyf. P. 2. p. 168. Anafarca is a peculiar fpecies of univerfal dropfy, differing both from the Afcites and Tympanites. It differs from the Afcites in that, tho' it ufually arifes from the fame caufes, the waters in an Afcites do not poffefs the upper parts of the body, at leaft while the patient keeps in an erect pofture, which they do in the Anafarca. Junck. Confp. Med. Tab. 65.

Some diftingui'fh between ths Anafarca and the leucophlegmatia, in that the latter comes from the Pituita, the former from an ichorous ferofity difcharged in the very habit of body ; appa- rently thro' the fault of the lymphatic veflels. Bibl. Anat. T. 2. p. 550.

The Anafarca fometimes ftops at half its growth ; in which cafe it is called by the antients Pblegmaiia, where the blot- ting is confpicuous, yet foft and loofe.

The ufual method of cure among us is much the fame as that of the Afcites. The antients had a peculiar method adapted to it.

iEtius relates, from Afclcpiades, the manner of curing an Ana- farca very exactly. This is by making incifions on the infide of the leg, about four fingers breadth above the ankle, as deep as generally thofe in bleeding are made. At firft a little blood iffues out, afterwards there is a continual difcharge of water, without any inflammation, fo that the aperture can- not be clofed, till the humour is fpent, and the fwelling gone down ; and this drain cures the diftemper, without any inter- nal medicine. Friend, Hift. Phyf. P. 1. p. 33. feq. Leonides fays further, that if the incifions in the legs do not make a difcharge quick enough, fome ought to be made in other parts of the body ; in the thighs, in the arms, or in the fcrotum if fwelled, by which means a great quantity of watry matter maybe evacuated. Friend, Hift. Phyf. P^ 1. P- 34-

The operation itfelf is mentioned by Hippocrates, and had been practifed from his time down to our own days, withfuc- cefs ; tho' fometimes, mortifications have been known to en- fue. Silvius de le Boe propofes another way of acupuncture, and affumesthe difcovery pf it to himfelf, though it is plain, it is all taken from the defcription here given, and in fo many words mentioned by Avifenna. Friend, Hift. Phyf. P. 1.

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In fome cafes the Anafarca appears to have been advantageous, infomuch that a cure of it has killed the patient. V. Act. Phyf. Med. Acad. N. C. T. 2. Obf. 13. Dr. Dovar's cure for an Anafarca is an electuary compofed of fteel prepared with fulphur and crude antimony, each an ounce, diagridium four ounces ; make a fine powder of thefe ; then add as much of any fyrup as will make a foft . electuary.

ANASSAS, in natural hiftory, the name of a fruit very com- mon in Guinea and in fome other parts of Africa. It is very beautiful to the eye, and not lefs agreeable both to the tafte and fmell, and is by fome accounted the fineft fruit in the world. The defcriptions we meet with of it are very imperfect, but as there is nothing in them that contradicts its being the pine- apple, it may be that fruit, and if fo it deferves all the praife that is given it. See Pjne-Apple.

ANASTASIS, B^ra^-K, denotes a refurrection.

Chifiet has given us a difiertacion on Childeric's tomb, under the title of Anajlafis Childerici*, Treuer has publilhed the figure of a man and woman in the antient German habit, as found in an antient urn, under the title cf Anaftafis vcteris Germani Germantsque f&mina: b. — [* V. Jour, des Scav. T. 90. p. 2 [6. b Bibl. Germ. T. 17. p. 216.]

ANASTATICA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants the characters of which arc thefe. The perianthium confifts of four leaves and is coloured ; the leaves are of an oval figure, hollowed, and erect. The flower confifts of four petals and is of the cruciform kind ; the petals are roundifh, flat, and expanded, and have ungues of the length of the cup, ftand- ing alfo a great way afunder. The ftamina are fix fubulated

fila-