Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/109

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liance is concluded, you ceafe to be at liberty, to take the meafures which you find moft advantageous, except fo far as the other powers allied will pleafe to permit. — [ c j our. Liter. T. 4. p. 34. f Cbevign. Scienc. des Perfon. de la Cour. T. 3. p. 291. s D e Witt, Mem. P. 2. Mem. deTrev. An. 1710. p. 219. feq.]

According to the modern politics, to render an Alliance va- lid, it is neceflary, that it not only be juft in its principles, but beneficial in its effects. A prince can oblige himfelf no further than thofe two go : he cannot lay himfelf under a ne- ceflity to fuccour an ally, beyond what may be for his peo- ple's benefit. He may even makepeace without the confent of his ally, tho' the contrary has been exprefsly ftipulated between them ; provided fuch peace be for the intcreft of his ftate. This is fufficiently warranted by the practice of princes. Henry the great of France, at the treaty of Vervins, concluded a feparate peace with Spain, tho* there was a pofitive article in the treaty of Alliance between him, queen Elizabeth, and the ftates general, that none of them ihould make peace with- out the confent of the reft. The like was done by Chriftian IV. king of Denmark, who treated with the emperor, con- trary to his engagement with the duke of Saxony, and his other allies. Queen Chriftina of Sweden, did the like at the treaty of Munfter, in 1648, which was concluded without the confent of the allies, the Dutch and French ; the former of whom afterwards, made a feparate peace with the other branch of that houfe, without confent of the French. Brown, Mifcel. Aulic. p. 172. feq. Mem. deTrev. Sept. 1702. p. 143.

ALLIGATI, in antiquity, the bafeft and worft kind of flaves, whom they kept locked up, or with fetters on. The Romans had three degrees, or orders of flaves j or fer- vants, the firft employed in the management of their eftates, the fecond in menial or lower functions of the family, the third called Alligati above-mentioned. Phifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 72.

ALLIOTH (Cycl.) is alfo written Alliot, and Allot, and lite- rally denotes a horfe. The Arabs give this name to each of the three {tars, in the tail of the great bear, on account of their appearing like three horfes, ranged for the drawing a waggon. Vital. Lex. Math. p. 23.

ALLIUM, in botany. See Garlick.

ALLODIARIUS, the owner or proprietor of an Allodium, or allodial lands.

This is otherwife written Alodiarius, Alodarius, Aloarius, Aloer, Aloerius, and Aleutier. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 147. in voc. Alodiarius.

ALLODIUM, (Cycl.) land held of a man's own right.

This word is alfo written Alodium, Alock, Alodis, Alaudiwn, and Alaudum ; by French writers Alien, Alcu, Aleuf, or Aleud. We fometimes alfo find it more particularly exprcflcd by the names Franc Aleu, Franc Aleud, Franc Aloy, Franc Aleuf, Libernm Allodium, and Regale Allo- dium. Cakt.Lek. Jur. p.6t. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1,

Some define it to be land, not only free from all fervice whether real or perfonal, tho' the owner of it might fome- times acknowledge fome fuperior lord, from whom he firft received it in quality of an honorary fee. We fay fometimes, for Allodia were often without owning any fuperior lord. Du Cange, loc. cit.

Allodium and Patrimonium, are frequently ufed indifcrimi- nately.

The maxim which obtains in many places, nulla Terra fine Domino, fets afide all Allodia, except where there are direct proofs of the contrary. Vevtot, DifT. fur les Loix Saliques, ap. Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 4. p. 338. feq.

Leibnitz a derives the word Allod, from the Teutonic, Aim Leod, q. d. not Leodiurn, or not liable, of the Saxon Leodes, liable. Skinner b from the Teutonic, All lofz, q. d. Allfree. Spelman c from the Anglo-Saxon, Lead, people, q. d. popular eftate; or from a and Leod, vaflal, q. d. without yaflalage ; or from a and Lad, burden, q. d. not incumbent. Hicks from the Theotifcal and Gothic Load, q. d. whole produce of land. According to this author, a free farm, where the owner, befides the pofTeflion, enjoyed the property of the land, without fervice, was called among the Goths Allalod, where he had only half the profit, or was fubject to any pay- ment or fervices to a fuperior lord, it was called half Al~ lalod .— [ a Act. Erud. Lipf. Supp. T. 4. p. 238. b Skim. Etym. in voc. c Spelm. GlofT. p. 27.] Allodium, or Allode, is derived by fome others, from the Ger- man words All, omne, and ode, patrimonium, feu pojfejjio. V. Strykii, Exam. Jur. Feud. Cap. 2. Qu. 5, and 6. Schilter derives it from abl, or alt, vetus, and ode, quafi ve- tus vel paternum honum.

Altho' inftances of Allodial donations occur in the Englifh hiftory, yet as Sir Edward Coke obferves, there is now no Allodium in England. V. i.Inft. 1. h. In domefday, tenants in fee fimple are called Alodarii, or Aloarii. Coke, loc. cit.

The antient Germans had what they called Sonnen Lehn, or Feudum folare, which they held of none but the fun, their god of old. This feems analogous to Allodium. V. Stryk, Ex. Jur. Feud. Cap. 2. Qu. 5. Suppl. Vol, I.

In the cuftomary laws of France, we find mention made of two kinds of Allodiums, viz.

Allodium Nobile, Alcu Noble, that to which Jujiitia or ju- rifdiction was annexed ; and which was alfo free from all ho- mage, or fervice*

Allodium Villanum, Aleu Raturier, that to which no jurifdic- tipn was annexed. Trev. Diet. Univ. in voc. Alleu.

ALLOGIA, in antiquity, denote winter quarters appointed for the feldiery. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 1. p. 38. feq. Some will have the word of French origin from Logement ; others with more probability from the Italian Alloggio, formed ot the Latin Locus, place.

ALLOM. See the article Alum.

ALLOY (Cycl.)— The Alloy of gold is eftimated by carats, that of filver by penny-weights.

Gold without any Alloy is faid to be twenty-four carats fine. According to the proportion of pure gold, to that of the Alloy in an ounce ; the mixture is faid to be fo many carats fine. If there be two carats of Alloy, to twenty-two of pure gold, it is faid to be twenty-two carats fine. If four of Alloy,

■ to twenty of gold, twenty carats fine, &c. In different nations, different proportions of Alloy, are ufed ; whence their monies are faid to be of different degrees of finenefs, or bafenefs ; and are valued accordingly, in foreign exchanges. — The filver coin, among the Romans, was long kept to a great degree of purity ; which was firft broke in upon by the tribune Livius Drufus ; who mixed with them, an eighth part of copper. But the acts of his tribunate were after- wards annulled, and the money reftored to its antient finenefs. Thus things remained till the time of the emperor Severus, who encreafed the Alloy ftill more; yet on his medals, he took the title of Rejli 'tut or Monet a. Jour. desScav.T. 29. p. 765. The Alloy of filver with copper, may be examined by the coppel in the following manner. Firft have ready a touch- ftone, and a fet of touch needles ; wipe carefully both the touchftone, and the metal to be examined, and rub the metal on the ftone ; compare its mark with the needles, and by that means making a guefs at the quantity of copper contained, and of courfe know how much lead will be neceflary for con- fuming that quantity. But as the lead neceflary for confuming the copper is not in a quantity proportionable to that of the copper, when this is mixed with filver, we fhall here give, from Lazarus Erker, the quantity to be added in every cafe. We fhall take for our examples, a feries of touch needles, made according to the mark, divided into half ounces and. grains. See the article Touch-Needles.

marks of lead to

ounce filver,


 * ounce copper,

be added,

15 I'-

— —

1

4-

ll —

—

1 ' — «—

—

6.

14 —

2

_

8.

1 2 and 1 3.

4 and 3

10.

9 — 12

— ■

7™4

■ —

14.

4- 8

i

12—8

. —.


 * 5-

1 — 4

15 — 12

16.

Every body may reduce this table to the needles, made ac- cording to the mark of the avoirdupoife, or that of carats : nor is it neceflary to proportion the quantities of lead to be added, fo far as one half centner. Cramers, Art of aflaying p. 226. In the mean time, let the metal to be tried with the needles undergo the operation of cupelling together with the quantity of lead indicated by the touching ; and the fire muft be made the gentler 4 as the filver is allayed with a greater quantity of copper, and on the contrary, the fmaller the quantity of the Alloy of copper is, the ftronger muft be the fire to be ufed in the operation. When the lead, which muft be firft put into the coppel, begins to fmoke and boil, then the metal to be examined is to be added, and the fire continued till the copper is all confumed and reduced to yellow fcoriae, and the bead of filver left in the center of the copel muft be weighed, which, fubftracting the known quantity of filver in the lead ufed in the operation, will fhew the quantity of filver and confequently that of the copper in the Alloy.

ALLUM, {Cycl.) in natural hiftory. See Alum.

ALLUSION (Cycl.) — Allufions to paflages in books or authors, make what fome call indirect quotations. Hift. Acad. Infcrip. T. 3. p. iq8.

We find frequent Allufions in the new teftament, to paflages in the old. The writings of the rabbins, the Arabs, the Perfians, Chinefe, Literati, &c. are full of Allufions to the law, the Alcoran, and the works of Confucius. Many of the accomplifhments of prophecies in the old teftament men- tioned in the new, are generally allowed by critics to be only Allufions, or accommodations of fuch prophecies to other events, which originally they had no refpect to.— This makes what fome call the fyftem of accommodation. Jour, des Scav. T. 74. p. 320. Sykes, Eff". on the truth of chriftian. c. 15. Bibl. Angl. T. 12. p. 470. Bibl. Anc. Mod. T. ji. p. 102. It. T. 17. p. 46. Bibl. Choif. T. 25. p. 426. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1689. P- l6 7,- Nt > u v. Rep. Lett, T. 18. p. 526. Platon* unveiled, c. 17. See Accommodation, Cycl. and Supp/. A multitude of texts of fcripture are only to be explained by pointing out the Allufion they bear to heathen, or Jewifh. rites, ufages, &c,

2D This