Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/108

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Lud. Vives actually turned the eclogues of Virgil into Alle- gories ; and Turnebus and Polician, found great myfteries in Catullus's Sparrow c. The monk Jacobus Hugo, has with great fagacity, found the whole Roman hiftory to be only the hiftory of the gofpel under other names. The pious ./Eneas flying from Troy, and carrying his gods with him into Italy, is no other than St. Peter, quitting the fee of Antioch, and going to fix at Rome d .— [« AS. Erud. Lipf. 1695. p. 23. d Ouvr. des Scav. 1694. p. 161.]

Surenhufius fhews how the Gemaric doctors, and allegori- cal interpreters of tile old teftament, have difcovered the myftic fenfes, under the letter which conceals them. This letter they call the body, and the Allegory the foul. The literal fenfe with them is vile, and the allegorical precious. Mai- monides has treated of the feveral methods whereby theyfupport their Allegories, which may be reduced to the following ones.

1. By not reading the words according to the points under them, but according to other points, which might be put under them, even, tho' the former fhould make no ill fenfe.

2. By changing fome letters for others, either of the fame organ, (as they call it,) or a different one. 3. By both chang- ing letters and points. 4. By adding and fubftracting certain letters. 5. By tranfpofing letters and words, to make a new fenfe out of them. 6. By feparating one word into two. 7. By fubftituting other words, inftead of thofethat are writ- ten, to render the fenfe clearer, and accommodate it to the fubject. 8. By inverting the order of the words, to give them another fenfe. 9. By both inverting the order, and adding of new words. 10. By both adding, inverting, and fubftracting words. V. Surenhuf. de Veter. Theolog. Hebr. Formul. &c. ap. Bibl. Choif. T. 25. p. 411. feq.

Athenagoras, Theophilus of Antioch, with many others of venerable rank, and antiquity, confidered the chriftian reli- gion only as a new feet of philofophy, which under low and popular fimilitudcs, contained the mod hidden fenfe, and profoundeft myfteries of all forts of natural and divine fciences. Platonifm unveiled, P. 1. c. 8. p. 27. The ^Eons of the Valentinians, the Abraxa's of the Brafili- dians, are generally held to have only been Allegories. Such alfo is the platonic logos jiippofed to have been. Hermannus Deufmgius has even had the temerity to turn the doctrine of the trinity into a mere Allegory : according to him, the three perfons are only three faculties in God ; like the under- standing, the judgment, and the will in man. Thefe three faculties, he fuppofes to have manifefted themfelves at diffe- rent times. The underftanding revealed itfelf to the Jews, under the name of father, whereof judgment, which is the fon, was in fome meafure the complement or perfection; the Holy Ghoft, which is the will and the love of God, only ma- nifefted itfelf in the new teftament : and thus by a kind of progreflion, or degrees, each age of the chriftian church re- ceiving more and more of it than the preceding ones. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 30. p. 270. feq.

The antient Jews, as the Therapeutic, the author of the book of wifdom, Jofephus, and Philo, and, in imitation of them, the generality of the fathers, turned even the hiftori- cal pafiages of the fcripture into Allegories, without excepting thofe places, where the literal fenfe is moft clear and unex- ceptionable. Calm. Did. Bibl. T. 1. p. 105.

Allegory is alfo ufed for the drawing fome words, plainly and literally intended at firft, from their natural and proper meaning, to a foreign fenfe ; for the better inftruaing of our minds in fome point of faith, or manners. This coincides with what is otherwife called accommodation. See Accom- modation, Cycl. and Supfl.

tsLLsZGRO (Cycl.)—Piu Allegro, in the Italian mufic, inti- mates to play, or fing, a little quicker.

Pocopiu Allegro, figniftes, that the part it is joined to muft be played, or fung, a little more brifk, and lively, than Al- legro alone requires.

ALLELENGYON, in antiquity, a kind of tax, or tribute, which the rich paid for the poor, when abfent in the ar- mies. Pitijc. Lex. Antiq. in voc.

ALLELOPHAGI, in natural hiftory, a term ufed by Mouffet, and other writers on infefls, to exprefs a peculiar genus of flies, which feed on one another. They are thus called in diftinc- tlon from another clafs, called the hetenpbagi, from their feed- ing on different fubftances, not on one another.

ALLELUJA, (Cycl.) in botany, a name ufed by many for the common wood forrel. Ger. Emac Ind 2.

ALLEMANNIC, in a general fenfe, fomething relating to the antient Germans. The word is alfo written Alamannic, Ale- mannic, and Alemanh. It is formed from Alemanni, Alle- manm, or Alamanm ; the name whereby the German nation was antiently known.

In this fenfe we meet with Allemannic hiftory, Mcmannic S ge ,' M " mmii: laws > »'. Goldaftus, and others, have puoliihed colleftions of writers on Allemanmc affairs : Alle- manmcarum rerum fcriptores.

Allemannic language was fpoken throughout the fouthern parts of Germany. It is divided into feveral dialefls; the principal of which are the Suevic, and Helvetic. h&. Erud i-ipf. 1728. p. 11.

The Alemannic differed from the Francic, which was the lan- guage in ufe through the northern parts of Germany : the chief dialects of this, are the Palatine, Franconian, and Saxon.

Alemannic Law, Jus Allemannicum, is the fame with what is otherwife called the Suevic law, being that which obtained in the more fouthern parts of the country, as the Saxon law did throughout the northern. Hartung. Exerc. Jur. Civ. I. c 7. p. 986.

Schilter has publifticd the provincial Alemannic law a, and alfo the code of the feudal Alemannic law b. — [ a V. Act. Erud. Lipf. 1728. p. 338. b V.Journ. des Scav. T. 84. p. 177. feq.]

ALLIANCEfCy,;/.) — Armsof Alliance, in heraldry, are thofe born by the ifiue of families, whofe heirefles have married with other families, to {hew their defcent paternal as well as ma- ternal from both families. Nijbet, Elf. on Armoury, c. 7. Hence in great meafure the ufe and office of what they call marfhaling, and quartering.

Alliance is alfo extended to leagues or treaties, concluded be- tween fovereign princes, and ltates, for their mutual fafety and defence.

In this fenfe, Alliance amounts to the fame with what we otherwife call confederacy, league, cse.

Alliances make a fpecies of treaties ; which are ufually divided into treaties of peace, of commerce, and ol Alliance, properly fo called. Thefe are fometimes particularly denominated foreign Alliances.

Alliances are variouily diftinguifhed, according to their object, the parties in them, effr. Hence we read of equal, unequal, triple, quadruple, grand, offenfive, defenfive, EsV. Alliances.

Unequal Alliances, Ftedera inequalia, are thofe wherein one of the contracting powers promifes patronage, or protection, and the other fidelity, and obfervance ; by which they ftand contradiftinguifhed from equal Alliances, wherein the feveral powers treat on a par. Grot, de Jur. Bell. 1. 1. c. 3.

Offenfive ^ Alliance, that whereby the parties oblige them- felves jointly to attack fome other power. This ftands con- tradiftinguifhed from defenfive Alliances, where the parties only oblige themfelves mutually to defend each other. The forms or ceremonies of Alliances have been various in different ages and countries. Among, us figning and fwearingj fometimes at the altar, are the chief; antiently eating and drinking together ', chiefly offering facrifices together, were the cuftomary rite of ratifying an Alliance. Among the Jews and Chaldeans, heifers or calves ; among the Greeks, bulls or goats ; and among the Romans, hogs, were facrificed on this occafion". Among the antient Arabs, Alliances were confirmed by drawing blood out of the palms of the hands of the two contract ing princes with a fharp ftone, dipping herein a piece of their garments, and therewith fmeering {even ftones, at the fame time invoking the gods Vrotalt, and Alilat, /. e. according to Herodotus, Bacchus, . and Urania c . Among the people of Cholchis, the confirmation of Alliances is effected by one of the princes offering his wife's breafts to the other to fuck, which he is obliged to do till there comes out blood ''.—. [" Hift. Crit. Rep. Lett. T. 2. p. 250. b Jour, des Scav. T. 46. p. 114. ' Herodot. 1. 3. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 52. p. 31. d Galen. Hift. Armen. Ap. Bibl. Univ. T. 1. p. 293?] It has been difputed, whether the ftates of the empire have a right of making Alliances, without the emperor's participa- tion. And whether the king of England be veiled with abfolute power of making Alliances at difcretion, without content of parliament. Dr. Davenant afferts the negative. According to him, the contrary opinion owes its rife to the meer flattery of modern courtiers, having no foundation in the antient laws and conftitution of the kingdom. King John and Richard II. were, according to this author, the firft that attempted any thing like it. It is certain, there occur nu- merous inftances in hiftory, where the king has afked, or the parliament have offered, their advice, concerning Alliances to be made ; but there are many others, at Ieaft of later times, wherein no footfteps of any fuch confultation appear Vid. Obferv. Halenf. T. 6. Obf. 31. §. 15. feq. Boecl. Notit. Imper. Germ. 1. 16. c. 2.

Alliances are become much more frequent of late than in an- tient times, which has not a little diminifhed the fanction of them. Grown familiar, they are overlooked and thrown afide at pleafure. It may be afked what end do Alliances anfwer ? Can a prince or ftate even reft fecure under the fence of Al- liances V It is certain no ", The avowed principle of ftatefmen and politicians is, that Alliances oblige princes no longer than they are for the intereft of their refpective people f . As the interefts of nations are perpetually varying, the moft fo- lemn Alliances will be every day annulling themfelves, even without any perfidy, or breach of faith, on the part of the fovereigns, or their minifters. In this light did De Wit, or rather La Cour, confider foreign Alliances, when he dif- fuaded his countrymen from making any, even tho' attacked by a fuperior power K If y ou ally with a weaker prince, the burden muft he chiefly on you ; if with a fuperior, you be- come dependent on him, and will be treated at difcretion. An Alliance may involve you in a war, but will fcarce ever fave you from it. If you run rifks, confiding in the faith of your albes, lt, s d(j 5 y OU are f acr jfi ce( j. -phe moment an Al- 4 liana