Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/106

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the feaft of All-fouls was nrft introduced in the eleventh cen- r tury, by Odilon abbot of Cluny, who enjoined it on his own order ; but it was not long before it became adopted by the neighbouring churches. Vid. Baron, ad Martyrol. Nov. 2. Aft- Sancton I. Jan. in Vit. Odil. Zimmerman, Flonleg. Phil. Hift. p. 93. feq. Dupin, Bibl. Ecclcf. feet. II.

ALLAH,' or Alla, the name which all who profefs Ma- homctanifm give to God. Vid. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient.

The word is Arabic, but is ufed alfo in the Turkifh. Allah is the fame in Arabic with Eloah in the Hebrew, which is the Angular of Elohim.

It alfo anfwers to the Hebrew Adonai ; and even to that called Tetragrammaton, which more immediately exprefies the Divine EfTence.

The Mahometans make frequent repetitions of the word Allah, Allah, in their prayers. ALLANTOIS (CycU) — This membrane is otherwife called farciminalis.

The human Allantois is a third coat or membrane of a foetus, inverting part thereof, in manner of a fcarf, or collar, ex- tending from the cartilage xipboides to the bottom of the hips. See Foetus.

Several anatomifts, who difpute the exlftence of the human Allantoic, allow of an intermediate membrane in the human fpecies, between the chorion and amnios, but deny it the appellation of an Allantoic as holding it to differ from the Allantoides of brutes, in ftructure, as well as office. Hobokenus, and others, chufe rather to denominate it mem- brana intermedia ; Needham, pfeudo-allant aides. Someofthefe authors deny an urinary membrane to a human fcetus, as fup- pofing the urachus here to be impervious, confequcntly no pafTage of urine from it, and therefore no need of an Allantois. Others, who allow of a pervious urachus, deny the cxiftence of an Allantois, fuppofmg that the urine is conveyed by the former, to between the amnios and chorion. V. Rouhault. in Mem. Acad. Scien. 17x5. p. 135-

Harvey will not allow an Allantois even in brutes, but fancies the Allantois and the chorion to be the fame membrane, only with two names ; the firft derived from its fhape, the fecond from its office. According to his opinion, the fcetus does not void any urine, but the whole is contained in the bladder, till the time of birth. Hale refolves all thefe difficulties. Heifter » lay under the fame incredulity with Harvey ; but has lately published his recantation in form b. Galen, and moft of the antients, 'tis certain, not only hold the Allantois and chorion for diftinct membranes, but allow an Allantois to the human fcetus 3 though this, it is to be obferved, they did not fo much from their experience of it, as from a fup- pofed conformity between the vifcera, &c. of men, and of brutes. Hence the accounts they have left as to the figure, fituation, &c. of the Allantois, agree only to their appearance in brutes. Galen describes the Allantois as part of the navel- ftring, refembling a pudding, and reaching from one corner of the uterus to the other. — [ a Ephem. Acad. N. C. cent. 1. p. 433. b Ibid. cent. 5. p. 231.]

In the greater number of animals that have hitherto been care- fully examined, the allantoid membrane, with its contained urine, has been found.

The Allantois of fome animals, as marcs, bitches, and cats, furrounds the amnios, being every where interpofed between it and the chorion. In others, as cows, fheep, and goats, the Allantois inclofes a-confiderable mare of the amnios ; and in others, as fwine and rabbits, it is confined to a fmall fpace. Monro, in Medic. EfT. Edinb. Vol. 2. p. 147. The Allantois appears differently in different animals. Fabri- cius ab Aquapendente will have dogs, cats, and the like animals, which have teeth both in the upper and nether jaw, to be without it. It is moft confpicuous in the cow and fheep fcind. Its length in the former extends to about twelve feet. It is very dilatable, and may be blown up to above a foot diameter c. The inhabitants of Iceland make ufe of it, in- ftead of glafs, for windows d. — [ c Heijl. Compend Anat. p. 87. Burggr. Lex. Med. T. I. p. 437. feq. d Borrich. in Barthol. ASt. Med. T. 5. obf. 45. p. 132.] Dr. Grew fuppofes, with fome of the beft anatomifts, that the human fcetus has no Allantois. Phil. Tranf. N°. 457. Concerning the Allantois of a fow, fee farther in Phil. Tranf. N°, 202. p. 851. Of a lamb, Ephem. N. C. dec. 2. an. 1. p. 376. Of a cow, Id. cent. 5. obf. 24. p. 231. Of a human fcetus, Hift. Acad. Scienc. 1701. p. 28. It. 1702. p. 38. Fanton. Anat. P. 1. p. 234. Giorn. de Letter, d'ltal. T. 10. p. 325. Method of finding it, Hale, ap. Phil. Tranf. N°. 202. p. 836. feq. Difficulty of its difco- very, and miftaken defcriptions of it, Id. ibid. ALLAZiEZIS, in the language of the chemifts, denotes a phi- lofophical brafs, or copper, called alfo as album, aqua mer~ curii, and divers other names. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 34. ALLEGATA, a word antiently fubferibed at the bottom of refcripts and conftitutions of the emperors, as fignata, or teftata, was under other inftruments.

In this fenfe, Allegata imports as much as verified s verificata. JSaxt. Gloff. p. 81.

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Allegata was a kind of fubfeription, fomewhat lefs ufual than data, propojitum, accepta, fubdita, fuppojita, or fubferipta* V. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 72. ALLEGIANCE {Cycl.)— The oath of Allegiance, taken by the people to the king, is only the counter- part to the corona- tion oath, taken by the king to the people, and as fuch, par- takes of the nature of a covenant ; that is, is conditional, and ceafes on a violation of the contract by the prince ; at Icaft this is the doctrine of fome of the chief advocates for the revolution a . The anti-revolut'ioners, on the contrary, hold the oath of Allegiance to be abfolute and unconditional b, — [' Jobnf. Rem. on Sherl. p. 11. b Obf. on Johnf. Rem. on Sherl. p. 7. feq.]

An oath of Allegiance was impofed on the people under queen Elizabeth ; the popifh priefts took it, but evaded it, by re- training its obligation to the permiffive form of the pope's toleration. The tenor of their (wearing was, that they would obey Co long as the pope gave them leave. In reality, they did not wait long for an abfolution from this oath. The pope, it is known, pronounced a folemn anathema againft all who mould afterwards pay obedience to the queen. Some Englifh Jefuits at Rome propofed a new oath of abjuration of the oath of Allegiance, to be impofed on all who had taken that oath ; at leaft, all who were to be admitted into the Jefuits houfe were to take an oath never to take it. V. Declarat. of Favour. Deal, of her Majeft. Commiff. 1583. 4to. p. 4.

The gun-powder plot gave occafion to the impofing a new oath of Allegiance in 1606, which fhould oblige the papifts to he true to their prince, without breaking in upon the tenets of their religion. Some ambiguous terms in this oath fet all the papifts at variance ; fome were for taking it, others againft it ; fome maintained, that it was only a bare protefta- tion of civil obedience, while others oppofed it, as eflentially contrary to the principles of their religion. Black well, the arch-prieft, then the head of the Romifh clergy in England, not only took it, but wrote a defence of it. Bellarmine thought proper to chaftife him for it, in a letter printed on the occafion. King James I. wrote an anfwer to Bellarmine ; to which the cardinal made a reply, under the name of his chaplain Math. Tortus. Bifhop Andrews undertook a refu- tation of this laft piece, under the title of Tortura Tarti, Several other papifts appeared in behalf of the oath : Wid- drington, a Benedictin monk, wrote a mafter-piece in de- fence of it ; and the fathers Caron and Walfli outdid every body in their zeal and writings for it c. In effect, the gene- rality of the clergy were for it, yet the Jefuits to a man re- fufed it ; and the Spanifh and Flemifh clergy branded it as downright perfidy d. The pope Was 1 advifed with ; he put forth a bull againft it, declaring the oath inconfiftent with falvation ; and after this a fecond. But neither of them were regarded, even by the papifts themfelves ; no more than thofe had been which had abfolved the Englifh people from their Allegiance to queen Elizabeth c. — [ c Nouv. Rep, Lett. T. 1. p. 329. d Act. Erud. Lipf. 1685. p. 276. c Hift. Engl. Coll. at Doway, p. 25.]

The reformed of the French church were not idle fpectators of the difpute, particularly Meff. du Pleffis, Mornay, and du Moulin. The firft publifhed a work, intitled, The Myftery of Iniquity f ; fhewing by what fteps the popes had raifed themfelves to their prefent grandeur. The Latin edition of this piece was addreffed to king James, with an epiftle, ex- horting that prince, de quitter dor efenavant la plume, pour aller I'efpee a la main defnicher V Antichrijl hors de fa fbrterejfe, to give over engaging in a war with the pen, to go directly, fword in hand, to drive Anticbrift out of his ftrong hold &.— [ f Saumur. 1611. fol. s Bac. Lett. 35. Not. ap. Work.

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The convention of eftates having offered the crown to the prince and princefs of Orange, who accepted of it, the old oaths of Allegiance impofed by the Stat. 1, Q. EIlz. and 3d James I. were abrogated ; and a new oath was drawn up, to be taken by all the fubjects of England, on penalty of being deprived of all employments, both civil, military, and ecclefiaftical. Seff. 1. c. 8. Stat, abridg. T. 3. p. 8. feq. 8vo. The form of which was :

" I A. B. do fincerely promife and (wear, that I will be '* faithful, and bear true Allegiance to their majefties king " William and queen Mary. So help me God." A confiderable term, however, was allowed for every per- fon, to have time to confider of it. During this interval, an infinite number of pieces ws publifhed for and againft the power of kings and people. The refult was, that the people, chiefly the clergy, divided into different parties and fentiments. Some were of opinion, that the oath might be taken with a fafe confeience, but that it had been better not to have im- pofed it. Others were perfuaded, that the juftice of this fub- miffion was but probable, not certain, and therefore durft not condemn thofe who fcrupled to take it. To others it feemed, that the oath might be taken in divers fenfes ; and it became either good or evil, according to the view wherein it was taken. Accordingly, thefe took it with mental refer- vation, that hereby they engaged themfelves no further, than confeience, and the fundamental laws of the nation allowed

them