Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/1029

 .LOP

LOP

it is larger, being of the full fize of the common duck. It: head, neck, wings, back, and tail, as alfo the upper part of its throat are of a mixed colour, between brown, black, and grey. Its breaft, belly, and lower part of its throat are white, and its wings are variegated with a mixture of white ; its bill is ftrait, black, and fharp, and is three fingers breadth long, and rounded. Its legs are placed far behind, and it has no hinder toes. It is very plentiful on the Corniih fhore, and builds on the naked rocks there. Ray's OrnithoJ. p. 244.

LONCHITIS, fpleemvort, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flowers have not been difcovcred, but the feeds grow 011 the back part of the leaves. The leaves refemble thole of the ferns in fhape, but differ in that the pinnules are auriculated near their bafes. See Tab. 1. of Botany, Clafs 16. The fpecies of lonchitis, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe. 1. The great rough lonchitis. 2. The tall globuliterous lonchitis, called by many the berry bearing matden-hair. 3. The prickly lonchitis with broad pinnules, called the prickly auriculated male fern. 4.- The great prickly lonchitis. 5. The letter prickly lonchitis. 6. The fea lonchitis, called the dwarf fea fern. 7. The climbing Braiilian lonchitis, with elegantly jagged pinnules. 8. The great finooth lonchitis. 9. The fmaller fmooth lonchitis. 1 o. The ferrated lonchitis. 1 1 . The lonchitis with leaves dufty near the middle rib. 12. The branched lonchitis dufty near the edge. 13. The branched lonchitis with long, and in part auriculated pinnules. 14. The broad leaved lonchitis, divided into broad, obtufe, and lightly crenated pinnules. 15. The letter round dented lonchitis. 16. The llender branched lonchitis, with prickly pedicles. 17. The broad leaved lonchitis with black mining f talks. 18. The betony leaved lonchitis. 19. The water lonchitis formed of a thin membrane. 20. The lonchitis with long and narrow leaves, dufty at the edges. 21. The lonchitis with long narrow leaves, foliaceous at their bottoms. 22. The branched, dufty lonchitis, with black pedicles. 23. The great lonchitis with leaves divided in their upper part. 24. The final! lonchitis with leaves divided at their upper part. 25. The jagged lonchitis with round ifh auricles. 26. The branched lonchitis with fquammofe italics. 27. The heart fafliioned leaved lonchitis. 28. The little branched lonchitis. 29. The pointed leaved lonchitis with round auricles. 30. . The lonchitis divided into roundiih auricles. 31. The ra- diated lonchitis with the appearance of maiden-hair, called the radiated maiden-hair, and American branched maiden- hair. Tourn. I nft. p. 538.

The general character of the lonchitis, according to Lin- naeus, is, that the fructifications are difpofed in lines of a lunulated figure, which are placed in the under part of the finus's of the leaves.

LONCHOTON, a word ufed by fome chemical writers to exprefs the beft and pureft kinds of native vitriol, of the green or blueiih green kinds.

LONG, (Cycl.) in mufic. See Character, Cycl. and Long a, Supplem.

Long- jointed, in the manege. A horfe is faid to be long- jointed, whofe paftern is (lender and pliant. Long-jointed horfes are wont to have wind galls.

LONGA, long, in the Italian mufic, is a character marked thus r—, containing four femi-breves, in common tune, and

confequcntly eight minims, unlefs tied to a breve; for its- content in fuch cafe % fee Ligature. [ — -■» Br.ojf. Muf, Diet, in voc. — ]

LONGANON, a name given by fome authors to the intef- tinum rectum. -

LONGINA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the lonchitis or fpleen-wort. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

LONICERA, in botany, a name given by Plumier and others to a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus loranthus. The characters are thefe : the perianthium is the margin of the fruit, and is hollow and undivided ; bcfide this, there is another perianthium, proper to the flower, which frauds upon the germen of the piftil, and is in the fame manner hollow and undivided. The flower confifts of one leaf and is of a fexangular figure, divided at the edge into fix {lender and nearly equal fegments, which bend back at their points. The ftamina are fix Tubulated filaments, three of which are fomewhat longer than the others, but all nearly of the fame length with the flower. The germen of the piftil is roundiih. The ftyle is fimple, and of the length of the ftamina. The ftigma is obtufe. The fruit is a roundiih berry, having only one cell, and contains fix feeds, con- vex on one iide and angular on the other. Linntei Gen. PI. r|i. Plumier Gen. 37. Vaillant 30.

LONKETT, a term ufed by fome chemical writers to ex- prefs fpirit of turpentine.

LOOF (Cycl.) — Loos-hook, in a (hip, a tackle with two hooks to it, one of which is to hitch into the crcngle of the main and fore-fail, and the other is to hitch into a certain ftrap, which is fpliced into the chefs-tree, and fo down the fail. Its ufe is to fuccour the tackles in a large fail, that all Suppl. Vol. I.

1 the ftrefs may not bear upon the tack. Sometimes alfo if 13 ufed when the tack is to be feized the furer. *

Loop-pieces, in a man of war, are thofeguns which lie at the loof of the fhip.

LooF-ta^-, or LvTF-tactle., in a fhip, a fmall facile, ferv- ing to lift all fmall weights in or out of the fhip.

LOOL, in metallurgy, a veflel made to receive the wafhings of ores of metals. The heavier or more metalline part of the ores remaining in the trough in which they are warned ; the lighter, and more earthy, running off with the water, but fettling in the tool. Ray's Engliih words, p. 121.

LOOME, at fea. If a fhip appears big, when feen at a dis- tance, they fay fhe looms, or appears a ereat fail.

LoOME-gale, at fea, a gentle, eafy gale or wind, in which a fhip can carry her top-fails a-trip. See Trip.

LOON, in zoology, a name given to the columbus major, or great diver. See Diver.

LOOP (Cycl.) — Loop, in the iron works, is apart of a fow or block of caft iron broken or melted off from the reft, and prepared for the forge or hammer. The ufual method is, to break off the loop of about three quarters of a hundred weight. This loop they take up with their Mingling tongs, and beat it with iron fledges upon an iron plate near the fire, that fo it may not fail to pieces, but be in a condition to be carried under the hammer. It is then placed under the; hammer, and a little water being drawn to make the ham- mer move but foftly, it is beat very gently, and by this means the drofs and foulnefs are forced off, and after this they draw more and more water by degrees, and beat it more and more till they bring it to a four fquare mafs, of about two feet long, which they call a bloom. Ray's Eng- liih words, p, 128.

LOOPING, in metallurgy, a word ufed by the miners of fome counties of England, to exprefs the running together of the matter of an ore into a mafs, in the roafting, or firft burning, intended only to calcine it fo far as to make it fit for powdering. This accident, which gives the miners fome trouble, is generally owing to the continuing the fire too long in this procefs. Ray's Engiifh words, p. 125.

LOPHIA, in anatomy, a term for the upper part of the cervix, or back part of the human neck.

LOPHIUS, in ichthyology, the name of a genus of fifties of the branchioftegous kind. The characters of which are thefe. There is no branchioftcge membrane. The figure of the body is monftrous and deprefled, the head very large ; there are feveral pinnules, which furround the fides of the fifh from the head to the tail. We at prefent know only- one fpecies of this genus, which is the lophius or cirrofa of Artedi, or the rana pifcatrix of authors. Artedi Gen. Pif. 41. Linnai Syft. Nat. p. 52. See the article Rana pifcatrix.

LOPPA, a word ufed by the chemical writers, to exprefs the metallic mafs, which refults from a ccmentatory calcination, either with or without regulus.

LOPPING, among gardners, the cutting in a proper and artful manner the branches of trees, fo as to make them grow more beautiful or more durable.

It is obferyable, that molt old trees are hollow within, and this is in general owing to their wrong management, the tops being fuffered to grow too large before they are lopped. This is a very common error in regaid to the afli, elm, horn beam, &c. and is owing to peoples perfuading themfelves, that by this means they fhall have more great wood ; but, they do not confider, that the cutting off large tops, deftroys or decays the tree, fo that it decays more in the body than it grows in the head. And though the horn beams, and elm will bear large tops when the outfide is little more than a fhell ; yet this is not at all the cafe with the afh, which fhould therefore always be cut down as foon as it begins to decay. Miller's Gardners Diet. The lopping of young trees, that is of fuch as are ten or twelve years old, will preferve them much longer, and will occafion the fhoots to grow more into wood in one year, than they do in old tops in two or three. The taking oft' of large boughs in a carelefs manner deftroys many a tree ; they fhould therefore always be lopped with great care, and the wound covered with fome loam to keep it from rot- ting, and preventing the wet from entering and getting into the body of the tree.

All forts of refmous trees, or fuch as abound with a milky juice, fhould be lopped but very fparingly, for they are very fubject to decay when cut. The beft feafon for the lopping thefe is the end of Auguft, when they will not bleed very much, and the wounds will heal before the hard wea- ther.

Whatever fhape a tree is intended to be of, it muft be thrown into it by lopping whileyoung, for the branches being then fmall, full of juice, heal eafily, and never endanger the tree. When a tree is intended for timber it mull be left to grow to its own height, and its top is never to be cut off on any ac- count, Thofe trees which have large piths, as the afh, elm, willow, poplar, and the like, muft never have their heads cut off, if intended to ftand long, for the wet gets into the foft part of the tree, and begins to hollow, and rot it 15 T whera.