Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 1.djvu/1010

 L I N

L I N

LINCH-/>m, a term given by carters to the pin which keeps

the wheel on the axle-tree. See Cart. LINE (Cycl.) — A line in geometry, is to be conceived as the termination or limit of a furface, and not as a part of that furface, however fmall. Hobbes, and fome others, who have taken it in the latter fenfe, have fallen into many ab- furdities. Lines of the third order. Sir Ifaac Newton a enumerated feventy-two lines of the third order, and Mr. Stirling b found four more ; fince that Mr. Stone c has found two others which had efcaped Sir Ifaac and Mr. Stirling. The two fpecies added are to be reckoned among the hyperbolico- parabolical curves. [ — a Enumer. Lin. Tert. Ordin. b Linea Tert. Ordin. Neutonianze Oxon. 1717, 8vo. c Phil. Tranf. N° 45 6. Sea. 6— J Angling Line. The beft materials for making thefe lines arc fine and even horfe hairs : the hair fhould be round and twifted even, for that greatly ftrengthens it ; and all the hairs fhould be of an equal bignefs, or as nearly fo as may be. They fhould be laid in the water about a quarter of an hour after twitting, that it may be feen which will fhrink : they are then to be twirled over again. In this laft twirling fome intermingle filk among them, but that is not fo well. Lines made entirely of filk are not bad ; but thofe of filk and hair mixed are never found to do well. The beft colours for a line are Torre! , white, and grey, the two laft are beft for angling in clear waters. The former in muddy ones. The pale watery green is alfo a very good colour, and may be made thus ; boil in a quart of alum water a large handful of marygold flowers ; there will arife a fcum, which muft be taken off ; then add to this liquor copperas and verdigreafe, of each half a pound, beat to powder together, boil thefe up together : then put the hair into this liquor, and let it lie ten or twelve hours ; it will obtain a watery blueifh green colour, which will not wafh out afterwards. Lines, among fowlers, is ufed to exprefs the firings by which they catch birds. The large and fmall land birds are equally eafy to be taken by them, and fometimes the water fowl. Thefe lines are made of long and fmall cords, knotted in different places, and containing in length as many fathom as the places where they are to be laid require. Plovers, and the larger wild fowl, are very conveniently taken by them : when thefe firings are to be ufed, they muft be limed with the ftrongeft bird lime that can be got, and then com- ing to their haunts before the evening flights, that is before fun-fet, or for the morning flights, at leaft two hours before . day, the fportfman is to carry a parcel of fmall flicks, . each about two feet long, and fharpencd at both ends, but having a little flit in one end like a fork. The plain end of each ftick is to be fluck into the ground, in fuch a man- ner, that the ftick ftanding aflant its upper or forked end may be about a foot and half from the furface. The limed firings are then to be carried along all thefe flicks, in dif- ferent rows, fome higher than others. Every row of the fticks is thus to be filled, and the whole haunt covered with the lines. The plover, and other birds that fly low, when they come to their haunts, fly directly in among thefe firings, and are taken in great numbers ; the whole flight coming in at once, and covering all the place, fo that thofe which are not yet alighted, have no opportunity of feeing the diftrefs of their companions. There is no need for the fportfman to be conftantly upon the watch for the taking of the bird ; for when once they are taken they cannot loofen themfelves, fo that he may come and take them up at his own time. The water fowl may be eafily taken, in the fame manner, by obferving their haunts, and ftretchin°- thefe UtiUi in feveral rows, acrofs the brook, or river, fome higher and fome lower, the loweft lying almoft at the edgt of the water. Thefe muft never be ufed in moon light nights on the occafion, for the fhadow of the firings in the water will then fright them away. Lines, in heraldry, the figures ufed in armories to divide the fhield into different parts, and to compofe different figures. They are of different forms, and were it not for this, many arms would be one and the fame, for a chief wavey differs from a plain chief, by the lines which compofe them, and the heralds fhew particular reafons for all thefe different forms of lines.

Thefe lines, according to their forms and names, give de- nomination to the pieces or figures which they form, except the ftrait or plain lints.

The crooked lines are thefe : firft the ingralcd and inverted ; thefe when reprefented together are fomewhat known the one from the other, being oppofite to one another, both being made as it were of femi-circles. The ingraled with the points upward, the inverted with the points downward. But this is not a fufficient diftinction ; for fuppofe the fpace between them which they form be a fefs ; then the whole is only ingraled, not inverted ; for the fefs ingraled muft have the points on both fides turned toward the field, and the convex or gibbofe parts toward the fefs itfelf, and fo of a bend, cheveron, and other proper figures of heraldry ; and if thefe be inverted, then the convex parts of the lines are

toward the field; but thefe lines are better diitin<niifhed when placed by way of bordure, with the letters within a bordure ingraled or inverted.

Thefe two lines arc more hard to be diftinguifhed, when the field is divided into two equal parts, of different colours, as parted per pale, parted per fefs, Isc. here we know not whether the line be ingraled or inverted, except we follow this rule, that the form of the line muft be applied to the co- lour firft named. The French terms for thefe two lines are for the ingraled, engrele, and for the inverted, canele; and the Latin writers exprefs ingraled by ingrediatus, 'vnbricatus, and jlriatus, and the inverted by the words invertits and canaliculars. Leigh's Heraldry.

The wavey, or waved Unt % is fuch an one as is formed in re- prefentatioii of the waves of the fea, as parted per fefs wavey in arms and other waved lines, as the wavey bars all exprefs that the perfon got his honours by fea fefvice. Ne- bulee is another name of a line in heraldry ; it expreffes a clouded line, the French called it nuance, and the Latins tiebulofa linea ; this alfo has been given to perfons who have been eminently fkilled in navigation. Ntjlit's He- raldry, p. 22.

Crenele, or imbattled lines, reprefent the battlements of a houfe, and are faid to rcprefent in heraldry the. fkill in ar- chitecture, for which the firft of the family was famous ; they were alfo given fometimes for eminent fervices, in af- faulting or defending caftles in time of war, and fometimes only as emblems of a houfe, to exprefs the perfon who bore them, being of a noble houfe or family ; for of old none were fuffered to embattle their houfes but perfons of great diftinction. Cambden fpeaking of TunftaH's feat in Eng- land, mentions it as a Angular mark of favour, that the king had given him leave to embattle his houfe. The term crenele, however, is properly ufed for a figure only, when one fide of it is embattled ; for when both Tides are formed of embattled lines, it is called bretejfe, or as fome exprefs it centre bretefji.

The Latin writers in heraldry ufc for the word crenelee, the terms pintiaim and pinnis afperatus, according to Uredus in his blazons, and Sylvefter petra fancta in his murales p'umalee. There is another line of this kind in heraldry, which Leio-h, calls the battled embattled line ; this has one degiee of em- battling above another. When the upper 'points in this kind of line are reprefented fliarp, it is called campagne, as if the lines ending in points, reprefented ballions, or the outer works of cities and camps ; and when the upper points are rounded, it is called crenele embattled arrondi. The indented line is notched fo at the edges that it repre- fents the teeth of a faw, and has its name from the Latin dens, a tooth, or from the law term indenture, a fort of deed, the top of which is always notched like the teeth of a faw.

The daunzette is another line, very much refembling the indented line, but that it is always much fmaller 5 it is there- fore faid by the heralds to be the fame in quality but not in quantity. The daunzette differs alfo from the indented line, in that it always confifls but of a few teeth, though never lefs than three; according to Mr. Holmes, in his office of armory, whereas the indented line has always a great many teeth. The French exprefs our indented line by the terms danche or dentille ; and the daunzette, when it has but very few teeth, and thofe very long, by the term v'tvere, which Meneftrier takes to be the letter M, with its legs extended from fide to fide of the fhield, becaufe many who carry a partition, or fefs, after that form, have the family name, beginning with that letter. The Latin wri- ters exprefs the term indented, by dentatus, indentatus, and dentkulatus, and when the teeth are very long, as in the daunzette, they call them denies decumani. There are yet two other lines mentioned by heraldry writers ; the firft is the patee or dovetail line, fo called from its re- femblance to a fort of joint ufed by our carpenters, in which one part goes alternately all the way down between two others ; this is called by Morgan the inclave, or labelled line, becaufe the points as they proceed from the ordinary, fuch as a chief or fefs, represent not amifs the points, or rather the ends of labels. The other line is called urdce or champagne by Frefne; and by Upton, vair, becaufe its points are formed like pieces of the furr called by heralds vair. Ne/Sifs Heraldry*, p. 23.

The two fall of thefe are in very little ufe, the others are the common lines of arms, and are called the attributes or accidents of armorial figures which they form ; and if any other lines are found in the figures or engravings of arms, which are not reducible to the one or other of thefe, they are called irregular, and by the French heralds clatte. The knowledge and ufc of thefe forms of lines are neceftary in the fcience of heraldry, to diftinguifh and difference many ar- morial bearings. Lateral Line, linea lateralis, in ichthyology, a name given by naturalifts to a line or flreak, with which many kinds of fifli arc marked, patting along their fides. Few fifh are with- out this line ; but it is very varioufly formed in the feveral kinds, and makes a very confiderable article in their defec- tion.