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- 110 - CHAPTER 5 *2002: Budapest Open Access Initiative
 * 2002: Creative Commons licenses launched
 * 2002: UNESCO coins the term Open Educational Resources
 * 2004: First annual Open Education Conference
 * 2005: OpenCourseWare Consortium is formed (renamed the Open Education Consortium in 2014)
 * 2006: WikiEducator is launched
 * 2007: Cape Town OER Declaration
 * 2007: OER Commons is established
 * 2007: Wiley and Couros experiment with “open courses”
 * 2008: The book Opening Up Education is published
 * 2008: The online course “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” is established; 2,000 learners participate, leading to the term massive open online course, or MOOC
 * 2012: OpenStax releases the first open textbook
 * 2012: UNESCO OER Paris Declaration
 * 2013: OERu (Open Educational Resources university) is launched
 * 2017: UNESCO 2nd World OER Congress
 * 2018: UNESCO drafts an OER Recommendation
 * 2019: UNESCO approves bringing 2019 UNESCO OER Recommendation to the next General Conference.

Final Remarks

OER, whether organized as open textbooks or open courseware, provide teachers, learners, and others with a broad range of permissions that make education more affordable and more flexible. These permissions also enable rapid, low-cost experimentation and innovation, as educators seek to maximize access to effective educational resources for all.

5.4 | FINDING, EVALUATING, AND ADAPTING RESOURCES

We live in a rich multimedia culture that requires educators to provide relevant learning resources in the classroom, although finding and reusing others’ great works is not always simple. This section will teach you how to find others’ OER and adapt them for use in your own classroom.