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THE GOTHIC AGE which opens with the year 1301, we see that this new foundation, in its outline, was identical with the city proper of to-day as surrounded by the belt of municipal parks (called "Plantations") that have replaced the old walls of the fortress. The founders brought an experienced land surveyor along with them, and he marked out the symmetrical boundary lines of

the enormous market-place and the traces of the streets which were to run into it. In doing so, no account was taken of the way leading past the old parish (now Dominicans') church, nor of that past St. John's and St. Mark's: only the prolongation of Castle Street (running into the lower castle buildings, with St. Andrew's Church) was considered. On the large new square almost unequalled of its kind—a separate