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13. Publications issued by outside firms or organizations by arrangement with the United Nations and being the literary property of the United Nations should be copyrighted in the name of the United Nations. The outside publisher is normally given publication rights in consideration of the United Nations receiving royalties and a given number of free or reduced-price copies, negotiated on behalf of the Organization by the External Publications Officer in consultation with a representative of the Office of Legal Affairs.

14. Staff members responsible for the drafting of United Nations publications and documents must bear in mind the obligation to acknowledge the source of any material used therein, whether in the form of a paraphrase, summary or direct quotation. If copyrighted material is to be reproduced, the authorization of the owner of the copyright - publisher and/or author - may have to be obtained and acknowledged. Authorization must generally be obtained for the reproduction of a drawing, diagram, photograph or the like and of texts of substantial length and that authorization should be sought and retained on file by the author department.

15. Under the Universal Copyright Convention, Geneva, 1952 (revised at Paris, 1971) and Protocol 2 annexed to that Convention, the United Nations is able to retain copyright in appropriate publications on the completion of certain simple formalities. Detailed instructions on the procedure for obtaining copyright in the United States, in accordance with section 104(b)(3) of the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. 101, and in the countries which are parties to the Universal Copyright Convention and to the Berne Convention are set out below.

16. In submitting a manuscript of a publication for processing, author departments shall indicate on the D-2 form whether or not it is to be copyrighted, in accordance with paragraphs 2 to 7. For publications to be copyrighted:

(a) The Director of the Publishing Division will be responsible for the actions indicated in paragraph 17 ensuring that the requisite copyright notice is inserted in the work; that, in agreement with the Sales Section, the date of publication is set in accordance with paragraph 17 and that no copies of the work to be copyrighted are released to the public prior to that date, and that all other necessary action to obtain copyright is taken, with the help, if required, of the Office of Legal Affairs;

(b) Advance distribution to sales agents of copyrighted publications will be made by the Sales Section in accordance with established procedure; Rh