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 power and Prussia, to include general obligations which are to be binding upon all, as well as private stipulations.”

The fifth article of the treaty runs as follows:—“The Duchy of Warsaw, with the exception of those parts which have been specified as otherwise disposed of by the Articles of this treaty, and by the treaty signed this day between his Majesty the Emperor of Russia, and the King of Prussia, is united to the Russian Empire. It shall be irrevocably united to that Empire by its constitution to be governed for ever by his Majesty the Emperor of Russia, his heirs and successors. His Imperial Majesty reserves to himself the right of determining the extent of this kingdom, possessed of a distinct administration, as he shall think proper. He will fake the title of Czar King of Poland, according to the customary formula which he uses for his other possessions.”

“The Poles, who are subject to the other contracting powers, shall have a representation, and national institutions, modified to that form of political existence which the government upon which they are dependant shall deem it expedient and useful to grant.”

A treaty between Russia and Prussia was concluded at the same time, of which the preamble is as follows:—“In the name of the holy and united Trinity his Majesty the Emperor of Russia, and his Majesty the King of Prussia, desirous of riveting the bonds which have united their armies and their nations in a laborious and bloody war, the hallowed object of which was to restore peace to Europe, and tranquillity to all nations, have thought it necessary to fulfil their engagements, and to put an end to all doubt, by fixing definitively and in a solemn treaty, all arrangements which may concern the Duchy of Warsaw, and the state of things resulting from the negotiations with regard to it, and the principles of equilibrium and division of power, which were discussed and maintained at the Congress of Vienna. The spirit of nationality, commercial advantages, those relations which may secure stability in the government, order in the finances, public and private prosperity in the provinces recently apportioned, have all been the