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31 CXLIV. There shall be judges of the peace for all classes of inhabitants, and their office shall be that on conciliation.

CXLV. No affair can be carried before a civil tribunal for the first hearing, until it has been laid before the competent judge of the peace; such only excepted as are forbidden by law to be arranged by conciliation.

The Tribunal for the first hearing.
CXLVI. There shall be civil tribunals, and tribunals of the police, in every commune and in every town, to take cognizance of transactions not exceeding five hundred florins.

CXLVII. In every palatinate, there shall be several tribunals for the first hearing of causes, and tribunals of assize to take cognizance of transactions in which more than five hundred florins are concerned.

CXLVIII. There shall be also tribunals of trade.

CXLIX. For criminal causes, and affairs of correctional police, there shall be several criminal tribunals in each palatinate.

Courts of Appeal.
CL. There shall be at least two courts of appeal in the kingdom of Poland. They shall sit in judgment upon causes whether civil, criminal, or commercial, upon which sentence has been already passed by the first courts.