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 skill with which their opponents managed their business.

These opponents too had all the advantages that money confers. From twenty to thirty thousand pounds was judiciously laid out in bribes in England: the impoverished Catholics could not employ this weapon.

The great Catholic lords such as Muskerry, Clanrickard and Antrim, who were in close touch with the King and secure of restitution gave no help. The Duke of York and Clarendon were openly hostile. Ormond—the unkind deserter of his loyal friends—secured every possible benefit for himself; but in spite of the eulogies of Carte it is plain that he left the greater part of those whom he had deluded into fighting under his banners to starve. The "new interest" in Ireland was implacable in its hostility.

As to English feeling it was entirely against the Irish. Wild tales of the atrocities at the outbreak of the rising were circulated and believed. According to Carte the new interest succeeded by the pretended discovery of sham plots in exciting a widespread feeling in England of the danger of any concessions. Clarendon declared that all parties in that country were "united and agreed in one unhappy extreme, that is their implacable malice to the Irish, in so much as they concurred in their