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 MAY., t902. I THE CONDOR 67 tion to this conclusion, we have great aerial wanderers like the hawks and eagles who are often widely separated from their mates but who rarely utter any note, except when with others of their species. In quite a few species special danger or warning notes are unknown so far as I am aware, but the birds make use of the call-note as an efficient substitute by repeating it much more rapidly. This is so with the common sno $birds or juneos for usually the call-notes "tsit" and "tsut" are scarcely noticeable al- though heard anywhere, but frequently on looking for their nests, I have caused them much distress, as they are ex- tremely suspicious (oftentimes betray- ing their own nests by being so) and will then repeat their call-notes very rapidly but once their nest is discovered the. Jr uneasiness vanishes partially and the repetition of the call-notes is less rapid. 'Some other birds have besides their common and special notes, a flight note that in a way is a call-note, for it is rarely ever uttered by the species ex- cept when they are actually flying and from this constancy in its character it is possibly used intentionally by the birds as a flight call-note. The flight notes of the red-shafted flicker may be taken as a good example, although they vary somewhat in individual birds. The notes are "kruh ur rut ruh ruh" vary- ing to "koh ur ur ruk" and the phrase is repeated once or twice fairly rapidly, during the undulating flight of the bird. Vigors wren has a call-note which is in no way peculiar but the arrangement and repetition of a common or basic note into a series of notes, may be given as typical of the call-notes of quite a large number of birds. It is "pwit pwitwit-pwit-pwit-pwitwit." The note "pwit" repeated three or four times with an equal lapse of time between each repetition, is used commonly by this species when they first wake up in the morning but occasionally the ris- ing note, if it may be called that, is the warning note, a very harsh "bweeip- bweeip." Why they should use this note on first waking up, I have been unable to understand. They use it commonly on the approach of human beings and in several cases I have seen other bush birds take advantage of it. Both of our common jays have a great variety of notes and I have been unable to make much headway with my study of them, as frequently the birds are not very particular which note they use. The common call-note of the blue-fronted jay is "kuk kuk kuk kuk." Then they also have a harsher call-note "krewee" but it is not a common one. The species though, cannot be passed by without mention- ing its imitation of the cry of the west- ern red-tailed hawk, "kweeo yerh." This is so well done that as Mr. Keeler says in his "Bird Notes Afield," "the most experienced ear will be deceived." Undoubtedly the bird makes use of it as a warning to other birds at certain times when danger is around but at other times in the spring he uses it to show off his abilities to his prospective mate. Another species that has two different call-notes is the California woodpecker, for besides his common call-note "karac ka" he has another commonly used that is "yea cup." Turning now to the birds that are songless or comparatively so and whose notes may be taken in part as substitute for songs there are two birds that will fairly illustrate this class or connecting link between the true singers and those that can only utter notes. The first is the wren-tit, a bird with a very pleas- ing trill as its chief attraction, for its colors are of the plainest. It is hard to consider this trilling "tit tit tit ter tree ee e," not a true song but rather as a common call-note, yet such I believe is nearer the truth. It certainiv partakes of the nature of a call-note, for as soon as one bird utters it, he is answered from a little distance by another and so on, but in one way is near to being a song, for as far as I have been able to observe, the male is the only one to