Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 10.djvu/73

LEFT TYNDALL 55 TYNEMOUTH Cochljeus forced Tyndale to flee to Worms, where, instead of completing Quentel's unfinished work, Peter Schoef- fer printed for him another impression of 3,000 copies in a small octavo size, without prefaces to the books or annota- tions in the margin. Tunstall and Warham denounced the book, hundreds of copies were bought up and burned by their authority, but in both forms it made its way by the sum- mer of 1526 to the hearts of Englishmen, and the strong simplicity and homely vigor of its style established a standard of Biblical translation into English, and bequeathed its phrase imperishable to all posterity. Meantime Tyndale continued to toil indefatigably at the labor of his life. In 1530 he published at Malborow (Mar- burg) by Hans Luft his version of the "Pentateuch" (reprinted by Rev. J. I. Mombert, 1885), where the marginal glosses, almost all original, contain many violent attacks on the Pope and the bishops, full of rich satire, irony, and even humor. Once again before the end Tyndale revised his Testament (1535), this time without the marginal notes, but with the innovation of headings to the Gospels and Acts, but not the Epistles. But now it wanted only the crown of martyrdom to consecrate the lifelong de- votion of Tyndale to his task. He was arrested and lodged in prison in May, 1535. Tyndale's protracted trial was ap- parently not begun till 1536; on Friday, Oct. 6, of that year he was first strangled, then burned. Foxe tells us that at the stake he cried: "Lord, open the king of England's eyes!" Eight years before he had written^ "If they shall burn me, they shall do none other thing than that I look for . . . There is none other way into the kingdom of life than through persecution and suffering of pain, and of very death, after the example of Christ." Tyndale's chief original works were "A Parable of the Wicked Mammon" (1527) ; "Obedience of a Christian Man," his most elaborate book (1528) ; and "Practice of Prelates" (1530), a pun- gent piece of controversial polemic, called forth by Sir Thomas More's "Dialogue" (1529), which he met formally with his plain and pointed "Answer" (1531). More followed next year with the first part of his long and intemperate "Con- futation," a work unworthy of its author's reputation. TYNDALL, JOHN, an English phy- sicist; born in Leighlin Bridge, near Car- low, Ireland, Aug. 21, 1820. He studied in Germany; in 1850 published in the "Philosophical Magazine" "Discoveries in Magnetism." He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1852; Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1853, and in 1867 its su- perintendent. He was the first to climb the Weisshorn, and subsequently reached the summit of the Matterhorn; and pub- lished: "Philosophical Transactions in Glaciers of the Alps" (1860); "Moun- taineering in 1861" (1862) ; and "Hours of Exercise in the Alps" (1871). "Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion" ap- peared in 1863; "Dust and Disease," 1870. In 1872 he lectured in the United States; the profits he devoted as a fund "in aid of students who devote themselves to original research." Besides the works mentioned, he published: "Sound: A Course of Eight Lectures" (2d ed. 1875) ; "Faraday as a Discoverer" (1868); "Nine Lectures on Light" (1870) ; "Essays on the Use and Limit of the Imagination in Science" (1871) ; "The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice, and Glaciers" (1872) ; "Es- says on the Floating Matter of the Air" (1881); and "New Fragments" (1892); besides many others. He received hon- orary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge and Edinburgh, and was made D. C. L. by Oxford. He died in Haslemere, Surrey, England, Dec. 4, 1893. TYNE, a river of England, formed by the junction near Hexham of the North Tyne, which rises in the Cheviots, on the borders of Roxburgh, and the South Tyne, which rises at Tynehead Fell, in the extreme E, of Cumberland. The united stream divides the counties of Durham and Northumberland, passes the ports of Newcastle;, Jarrow, North and South Shields, and enters the sea at Tynemouth after a course from Hexham of nearly 30 miles. The Tyne has, since 1854, been the subject of large engineer- ing operations, consisting of extensive dredging, the construction of piers at its mouth, the formation of large docks, and the building of a swing bridge at New- castle. Thus from the sea to Scotswood suspension bridge, a distance of about 10 miles, the river is navigable for large vessels, and the trade on the river, chiefly in coal, has immensely increased, TYNEMOUTH, the chief watering- place of Northumberland, England; 9 miles E. of Newcastle, occupies the angle formed by the line of the coast and the Tyne. Edwin, King of Northumbria, is said to have founded here, about 627, a church of wood, wherein his daughter Rosella took the veil. King Oswald re- built it of stone about 640, and probably established the monastery, which in the